Lecture 1: Overview of Immune Responses

Question 1

An ____ (also called an antigenic determinant) is a portion of an Ag molecule to which an antibody binds

Answer 1

Epitope

Question 2

The smallest epitope (antigenic determinant) to which an antibody can be made is about ___ amino acids or about ____ sugar residues

Answer 2

• 3-6 amino acids
• 5-6 sugar residues

Question 3

T cell receptors recognize ___ amino acid sequences

Answer 3

linear

Question 4

Antigens which can stimulate an immune response are also called ____

Answer 4

Immunogens (note all immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens)

Question 5

Some very small antigens called ____ can bind to Abs but they can’t initiate an immune response

Answer 5

Haptens

Question 6

Innate immunity recognizes __ antigens belonging to groups of _____ microbes

Answer 6

common, related

Question 7

What are the principle components of innate immunity

Answer 7

• Physical and chemical barriers
• Phagocytic cells, dendritic cells, and NK cells
• blood proteins (complement and other mediators of inflammation)

Question 8

_____ is a system of plasma proteins that enhances the ability of Abs and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens form an organism

Answer 8

Complement

Question 9

_______ are a large group of blood proteins whose plasma concentrations change in response to tissue injury, acute infections, burns, or inflammation

Answer 9

acute phase proteins (APPs)

Question 10

A primary adaptive response normally takes

Answer 10

about a week

Question 11

Each cytokine acts via a _____ expressed on targe cells

Answer 11

specific signaling receptor

Question 12

Primary function of phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)

Answer 12

• To ingest and destroy microbes and get rid of damaged tissues (scavenger function)

Question 13

Production of neutrophils is stimulated by cytokine called

Answer 13

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Question 14

Neutrophils circulate in the blood for

Answer 14

hours or a few days

Question 15

how long can neutrophils live after entering the tissues

Answer 15

1 to 2 days

Question 16

Mast cells are common at sites in the body that are exposed to _______. They are also in close proximity to ______, why?

Answer 16

• external environment
• blood vessels, where they can reglate vascular permeability and effector-cell recruiment

Question 17

Cells of the Macrophage lineage arise from committed precursor cells in the bone marrow, driven by

Answer 17

monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Question 18

Dendritic cells can be broadly divide to _____ and ___ DCs

Answer 18

• myeloid (mDCs)
• plasmacytoid (pDCs)

Question 19

Myeloid dendritic cells are derived from _____

Answer 19

monocytes

Question 20

Antibodies recognize microbial antigens, and then ___ and ___ them

Answer 20

neutralize the infectivity of the microbes, and target microbes for elimination by various effector mechanisms

Question 21

_____ immunity is conferred by a host response to a microbe or microbial antigen

Answer 21

Active immunity

Question 22

What is the principle defense mechanims agains extracellular microbes and their toxins

Answer 22

humoral immunity (because secreted Abs can bind to these microbes and toxins and assist in their elimination)

Question 23

_____ immunity is conferred by adoptive transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes specific for the microbe

Answer 23

passive immunity