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Immunology 2.0 > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

recruitment of neutrophils is mainly mediated by what family of cytokines

A

CXC chemokines

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2
Q

Monocyte recruitment is more dependent on what family of chemokines

A

CC chemokines

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3
Q

Receptors of chemokines belong to the ______ superfamily

A

Seven-transmembrane, guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding (G) protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily

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4
Q

Chemokine receptors are expressed on all leukocytes, with the greatest number of diversity seen on

A

T cells

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5
Q

The main actions of chemokines are

A

enhancing adhesion of circulating leukocytes to endothelium through integrin activation and stimulating directed leukocyte movement in tissues by chemoattraction

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6
Q

What are chemokine roles in inflammation

A
  • Increased adhesion of leukocytes in endothelium
  • Migration of leukocytes to site of infection or tissue damage
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7
Q

CCL2 (MCP-1)

A
  • Chemokine Receptor: CCR2
  • Fxn: Mixed leukocyte recruitment (monocyte)
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8
Q

CCL19 (MIP-3beta)

A
  • Chemokine receptor: CCR7
  • Fxn: T cell and dendritic cell migration into parafollicular zones of lymph nodes
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9
Q

CCL21 (SLC)

A
  • Chemokine receptor: CCR7
  • Fxn: T cell and dendritic cell migration into parafollicular zones of lymph nodes
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10
Q

CXCL8 (IL-8)

A
  • Chemokine receptor: CXCR1, CXCR-2
  • Fxn: Neutrophil recruitment
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11
Q

CXCL10 (IP-10)

A

Chemokine receptor: CXCR3, CXCR3B

Fxn: Effector T cell recruitment

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12
Q

CXCL12 (SDF-1alphabeta)

A
  • Chemokine receptor: CXCR4
  • Fxn: Homing naive B cells to LNs
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13
Q

CXCL13 (BCA-1)

A
  • Chemokine Receptor: CXCR5
  • Fxn: B cell migration into follicles; T follicular helper cell migration into follicles
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14
Q

XCL1 (Lymphotactin)

A
  • Chemokine Receptor: XCR1
  • Fxn: T cell and NK cell recruitment
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15
Q

CX3CL1 (Fractalkine)

A
  • Chemokine Receptor: CX3CR1
  • Fxn: T cell, NK cell, and monocyte recruitment; CTL and NK cell activation
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16
Q

Cytokines of innate immunity that result in inflammation

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
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17
Q

Cytokines of innate immunity that lead to resistance to viral infection

A
  • IFN-alpha/beta
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18
Q

IFN-gamma functions

A

macrophage activation

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19
Q

IL-12 functions

A
  • IFN-gamma production by NK cells and T cells
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20
Q

IL-15 function(s)

A

Proliferation of NK cells

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21
Q

Cytokines that control inflammation

A
  • IL-10
  • TGF-beta
22
Q

IL-2

A
  • Principal Cell Source
    • T cells
  • Cytokine Receptor and Subunits
    • CD25 (IL-2Ralpha)
    • CD122 (IL-2Rbeta)
    • CD132 (Yc)
  • Principal Cellular Targets and Biologic Effects
    • T cells
      • Proliferation and differentiation into effector and memory cells
      • promotes regualory T cell development, survival, and function
    • NK cells
      • Proliferation and activation
    • B cells
      • Proliferation, antibody synthesis (in vitro)
23
Q

IL-4

A
  • member of Type I cytokine family
  • Principle cell source:
    • TH2 cells
    • Mast cells
  • Principle function
    • B cells:
      • Isotype switching to IgE
    • T cells
      • Increases differentiation to TH2 cells
    • Macrophages
      • alternative activation and inhibition of IFN-gamma-mediated classical activation
    • Mast cells
      • Proliferation (in vitro)
24
Q

IL-5

A
  • Member of Type I cytokine family
  • Principle cell source:
    • TH2 cells
    • Group 2 innate lymphoid cells
  • Principle function:
    • Eosinophils:
      • activation
      • increased generation
    • B cells:
      • proliferation, IgA produciton (in vitro)
25
Q

IL-17

A
  • type I cytokine family
  • Principle Cell source
    • TH17 cells
    • group 3 innate lymphoid cells
  • Principle functions
    • Endothelial cells
    • Chemokine produciton
    • Macrophages:
      • increased chemokine and cyokine production
    • Epithelial cells:
      • GM-CSF and G-CSF prodution
26
Q

IL-22

A
  • Type II cytokine family
  • Principle cell source:
    • TH17
  • Principle cellular targets and function:
    • Epithelial cells:
      • Production of defensins
      • increased barrier function
    • Hepatocytes:
      • Survival
27
Q

BAFF

A
  • TNF superfamily cytokines
  • Principal cell source
    • Dendritic cells
    • monocytes
    • follicular dendritic cells
    • B cells
  • Principle cell target and function
    • B cells:
      • survival
      • Isotype switching to IgA
28
Q

APRIL

A
  • TNF superfamily cytokines
  • Principle cell source
    • T cells
    • dendritic cells
    • monocytes
    • follicualr dendritic cells
  • Principal cell targets and function
    • B cells:
      • survival
      • proliferation
      • Isotype switching to IgA
29
Q

TGF-beta

A
  • IL-1 family cytokines
  • principle cell source:
    • T cells (mainly Tregs)
    • Macrophages
  • Principle cell target and functions
    • T cells:
      • inhibition of proliferation and effector functions
      • differentiation of TH17 and Treg
    • B cells:
      • Inhibition of proliferation
      • IgA production
    • Macrophages
      • inhibition of activation
      • stimulation of angiogenic factors
    • Fibroblasts
      • increased collagen synthesis
30
Q

IL-18

A
  • IL-1 family cytokines
  • Principle cell source
    • Monocytes
    • macrophages
    • dendritic cells
    • Kupffer cells
    • Keratinocytes
    • Chondrocytes
    • synovial fibroblasts
    • osteoblasts
  • Principle targets and functions
    • NK cells and T cells:
      • IFN-gamma synthesis
    • Monocytes
      • expression of GM-CSF
      • TNF
      • IL-1beta
    • Neutrophils:
      • Activation
      • cytokine release
31
Q

TNF

A
  • TNF Superfamily cytokines
  • Principle cell source:
    • Macrophages
    • NK cells
    • T cells
  • Principle targets and bilogogic effects
    • Endothelial cells:
      • activation (inflammation, coagulation)
    • Neutrophils:
      • Activation
    • Hypothalamus
      • Fever
    • Muscle, fat:
      • catabolism (cachexia)
32
Q

IL-10

A
  • Type II cytokine family member
  • Principle cell source
    • Macrophages
    • T cells (mainly Tregs)
  • Principal cell targets and functions
    • Macrophages, dendritic cells
      • inhibition of expression of IL-12, costimulators, and class II MHC
33
Q

IL-22

A
  • Type II cytokine family members
  • Principle cell source:
    • TH17
  • principle targets and functions:
    • Epithelial cells:
      • production of defensins
      • increased barrier function
    • Hepatocytes:
      • survival
34
Q

IL-23

A
  • Type I cytokine family
  • Principle cell source
    • Macrophages
    • dendritic cells
  • Principle targets and functions
    • T cells
      • differentiation and expansion of TH17 cells
35
Q

IL-12

A
  • Type I cytokine family
  • Principle cell source
    • Macrophages
    • Dendrites
  • Principle targets and functions
    • T cells
      • TH1 differentiation
      • IFN-gamma synthesis
      • increased cytotoxic activity
    • NK cells and T cells:
      • IFN-gamma synthesis
      • increased cytotoxic activity
36
Q

IL-7

A
  • Type I cytokine family
  • Principle cell souce
    • Fibroblasts
    • bone marrow stromal cells
  • Principal targets and functions
    • Immature lymphoid progenitors
      • proliferation of early T and B cell progenitors
    • T lymphocytes
      • survival of naive and memory cells
37
Q

IL-15

A
  • Type I cytokine family
  • Principle cell source
    • Macrophages
  • Principle target and function
    • NK cells:
      • proliferation
    • T cells
      • survival and proliferation fo memory CD8+ cells
38
Q

CCL25

A
  • Receptor: CCR9
  • Lymphocyte recruitment into lamina propria of intestines
39
Q
  • T cell-independent IgA class switching in the gut
A
  • TLR ligand-activated DCs secrete BAFF, APRIL, and TGF-Beta which induce IgA class switching in B cells
  • This T cell independent pathway yields relatively low-affinity IgA Ab to intestinal bacteria (meanwhile T dependent produces high-affinity IgA abs)
40
Q

The ____ receptor binds IgA produced in the lamina propria to the base of the epithelial cells.

A

Poly-Ig Receptor

41
Q

Are there Th17 cells in the colon

42
Q

Th17 produce IL-17 and IL-22 that have what effects on the GI tract

A
  • induce expression of mucins and Beta-defensins
43
Q

What are the factors that contribue to the generation of Treg cells in the GI

A
  • Ag-activated DCs
  • Local production of retinoic acid (which promotes FoxP3 expression)
  • local production of TGF-beta (which also promotes FoxP3 expression and inhibits the generation of Th1 and Th2 cells)
44
Q

Treg cells suppress immune responses by the production of

45
Q

Mutation in the IL-10 and IL-10R genes are associated with severe ____ in children

46
Q

Deficiencies in what cytokines or their receptors result in pathogic bowel inflammation

A
  • TGF-beta
  • IL-10
  • IL-2
47
Q

underlying mechanisms of the oral tolerance include

A
  • Anergy
  • Deletion
  • Treg mediated suppression
48
Q

What antibodies are a sensitive diagnostic marker for celiac disease

A
  • anti-gluten IgA and IgG
  • Auto-abs for Transglutaminase 2A (enzyme that modifies the gluten protien Gliadin)
49
Q

People who carry the tow class II HLA alleles ____ and ___ are at high risk for development fo celiac disease

A

HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8

50
Q

IL-13

A
  • Principal cell source
    • Th2 cells
    • NKT cells
    • group 2 innate lymphoid cells
    • mast cells
  • Prinicipal functions:
    • B cells:
      • isotype switching to IgE
    • Epithelial cells:
      • Increased mucus production
    • Fibroblasts:
      • increased collagen synthesis
    • Macrophages:
      • Alternative activation

Immunology 2.0 (25 decks)

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