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Z A&P Summer Studying > Lecture #4 > Flashcards

Lecture #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoclasts?

A

Breakdown of calcified matrix

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2
Q

Osteoblasts?

A

Replace cartilage with bone tissue

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3
Q

How does bone tissue maintain homeostasis?

A

By constant remodeling. The opposing processes of reabsorption and deposition occur on the surfaces of the endosteum in the periosteum

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4
Q

Bone reabsorption?

A

Removal of bone which is the action of osteoclasts

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5
Q

Bone deposition?

A

Formation of bone which is the action of osteoblasts

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6
Q

What percent of the skeleton is replaced each year?

A

10 to 20%

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7
Q

Which factors affect bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Nutrition, sunlight exposure, hormone levels, and physical exercise

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8
Q

Function of vitamin D on bone formation?

A

Calcium absorption

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9
Q

The function of vitamin A on bone formation?

A

Osteoblast and osteoclast activity

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10
Q

Function of vitamin C on bone formation?

A

Collagen synthesis

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11
Q

Function of growth hormone in skeletal development?

A

Stimulates cartilage cell division

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12
Q

Function of the thyroid hormone and skeletal development?

A

Causes replacement of cartilage with bone

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13
Q

Function of the parathyroid hormone on skeletal development?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts/bone breakdown

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14
Q

What does Somatotropin do?

A

It is a growth hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

How are fractures classified?

A

By the cause and the nature of the break

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16
Q

What is a simple or closed fracture?

A

A fracture protected by uninjured skin or mucous membrane

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17
Q

What is a compound or open fracture?

A

A fracture in which bone is exposed to the outside through an opening in the skin or mucous membrane

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18
Q

What is a green stick fracture?

A

An incomplete fracture

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19
Q

What is one way for a green stick fracture to occur?

A

For it to occur on a convex surface

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20
Q

What is a fissured fracture?

A

An incomplete longitudinal break

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21
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

A complete brake occurring at a right angle of the axis of the bone

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22
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone

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23
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

Caused by excess twisting of a bone

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24
Q

What are the four steps in fracture repair?

A

Hematoma, cartilaginous, bony callus, and remodeling

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25
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

A pool of mostly clotted blood

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26
Q

What happens during the cartilagineus Callus phase in fracture repair?

A

Phagocytes remove debris and fibrocartilage invades

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27
Q

What happens during the bony callus phase of a fracture repair?

A

Osteoblast invade and a hard Callus fills the space

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28
Q

What happens in the remodeling phase of a fracture repair?

A

Bone is restored close to original shape

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29
Q

What are the major functions of bones?

A

Provide shape, support, protection, movement, produce red blood cells, and store Inorganic salts

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30
Q

Hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell formation

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31
Q

What is a change in bone marrow that can occur with age?

A

Red bone marrow which produces blood components is replaced with yellow bone marrow which stores fat

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32
Q

What occurs in red bone marrow?

A

Production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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33
Q

What percent of bone matrix consists of inorganic mineral salts?

A

About 70%

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34
Q

What is the most abundant salt in storage and bone matrix?

A

Calcium phosphate

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35
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A condition that results from loss of bone mineralization

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36
Q

What are functions of calcium?

A

Building bones, nerve impulse conduction, and muscle contraction

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37
Q

What is a fragility fracture?

A

A fracture the occurs from less than standing height which is a sign of low bone density.

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38
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Bone density loss. It is what happens before osteoporosis

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39
Q

What happens to the skeletal system as people age?

A

Decrease in height begins at age 30, calcium levels fall, bones become more brittle, osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts, vertebral compression fractures

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40
Q

What is another name for a joint?

A

An articulation

41
Q

What are the functions of joints?

A

Connect parts of the skeleton together, facilitate bone growth, permit childbirth, and enable locomotion

42
Q

What are structural classifications for joints?

A

Fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous

43
Q

What are the functional classification for joints?

A

Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

44
Q

What is a synarthrosis joint?

A

An immovable joint

45
Q

What is a amphiarthrosis joint?

A

A slightly movable joint

46
Q

What is a diarthrosis joint?

A

A freely movable joint

47
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

A joint held together with dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers

48
Q

What is a suture joint?

A

Synarthrosis joint which occurs between the flat bones of the skull

49
Q

What is a gomphosis joint?

A

A synarthrosis peg or cone shaped type of joint such as in the jaw. (Think of gom as gums which helps hold teeth in place)

50
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis and Symphysis

51
Q

What is a synchondrosis joint?

A

Composed of a band of Hyaline cartilage to form the joint.

52
Q

What is a symphysis joint?

A

A pad of fibrocotilage between joints such as in the pubic symphysis or the intervertebral discs

53
Q

What is the most common type of joint?

A

Synovial joints

54
Q

What are the structures of a synovial joint?

A

A joint capsule consisting of an outer fibrous layer which includes ligaments, and an inner layer which includes a synovial membrane which secretes synovium

55
Q

How are synovial joints classified?

A

Based on shape and movement

56
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A

Ball and socket, condylar, plane, hinge, pivot, and saddle

57
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

A type of synovial joint which features a round head fitting in a cup cavity

58
Q

What is a condylar joint?

A

Also called an ellipsoidal joint, it is an oval condyle fits in an elliptical cavity. It allows for biaxial movement but without rotation

59
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

Also known as a gliding joint, it is a flat joint which allows for back-and-forth motions with no axial movement

60
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

A convex surface of one bone sitting on the concave surface of another. Allows for uniaxial movement in one plane

61
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Also known as a trichoid joint, it is a type of rotary joint which allows for uniaxial movement. For example C1 and C2 vertebrae

62
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Also known as a sellar joint, it is between bones have a concave and convex services which allow for by axial movement in two planes

63
Q

What is an insertion point?

A

The end of a muscle or most of the movement occurs

64
Q

What is the origin?

A

The end of the muscle where very little movement occurs

65
Q

What are lifespan changes in joints?

A

Joint stiffness, cartilage stiffens, ligaments lose elasticity, and synovial joints lose function as capillary supply diminishes

66
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

67
Q

What type of muscle is voluntary?

A

Skeletal muscle

68
Q

What type of muscles are involuntary?

A

Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

69
Q

What is skeletal muscle comprised of?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, and connective tissue

70
Q

What are the types of connective tissue in muscle?

A

Fascia, tendons, and aponeurosis

71
Q

What are the three different muscle coverings?

A

Epimysium, paramecium, and endomysium

72
Q

What does the epimysium cover?

A

The whole muscle

73
Q

What does the paramecium cover?

A

Fascicles within a muscle

74
Q

What does the endomysium cover?

A

Muscle fibers/cells within a fascicle

75
Q

Sarcolemma?

A

Membrane of muscle cell

76
Q

Sarcoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm of the muscle cell

77
Q

Myofibrils?

A

Thin Actin and thick myosin

78
Q

Sarcomere?

A

The basic functional unit of skeletal muscle

79
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Analogous to endoplasmic reticulum, the function is the store calcium ions

80
Q

What do skeletal muscle fibers consist of?

A

Sarcomeres connected into end to end

81
Q

What are the five things that make up a sarcomere?

A

I band, A band, H zone, Z line, M line

82
Q

What is the A band?

A

Thin and thick filaments

83
Q

What is the I band?

A

Thin filaments

84
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Thick filaments

85
Q

What is another name for the Z line?

A

The Z disc

86
Q

What explains sarcomere striation patterns?

A

The I band being light and the A band being dark

87
Q

How does movement occur in a muscle contraction?

A

Actin and myosin slide past one another causing the sarcomere to shorten

88
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

A type of synapps where an axon of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber interact

89
Q

What comprises the neuromuscular junction?

A

Motor neuron, motor end plate, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, and neurotransmitters

90
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

A neurotransmitter involved in producing the contraction of skeletal muscle

91
Q

What is creatine phosphate good for?

A

Enables muscle cells to regenerate ATP from ADP via phosphate transfer

92
Q

How many ATP can I glucose molecule make with oxygen?

A

36 ATP

93
Q

How many ATP can I glucose molecule make without oxygen?

A

2 ATP

94
Q

What does the myoglobin do?

A

It stores extra oxygen and muscles

95
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose and to restore muscle ATP in creatine phosphate

96
Q

What is lactic acid threshold?

A

The point at which there is insufficient oxygen available during anaerobic/strenuous exercise causing lactic acid to build up

97
Q

What are common causes of muscle fatigue?

A

Decreased blood flow, ion and balances, and lots of desire to continue exercising

98
Q

What is the opposite of muscle fatigue?

A

A muscle cramp

99
Q

What causes a muscle cramp?

A

Changes in electrolyte concentrations

Z A&P Summer Studying (15 decks)

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