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Z A&P Summer Studying > Lecture #4 > Flashcards

Lecture #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoclasts?

A

Breakdown of calcified matrix

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2
Q

Osteoblasts?

A

Replace cartilage with bone tissue

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3
Q

How does bone tissue maintain homeostasis?

A

By constant remodeling. The opposing processes of reabsorption and deposition occur on the surfaces of the endosteum in the periosteum

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4
Q

Bone reabsorption?

A

Removal of bone which is the action of osteoclasts

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5
Q

Bone deposition?

A

Formation of bone which is the action of osteoblasts

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6
Q

What percent of the skeleton is replaced each year?

A

10 to 20%

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7
Q

Which factors affect bone development, growth, and repair?

A

Nutrition, sunlight exposure, hormone levels, and physical exercise

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8
Q

Function of vitamin D on bone formation?

A

Calcium absorption

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9
Q

The function of vitamin A on bone formation?

A

Osteoblast and osteoclast activity

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10
Q

Function of vitamin C on bone formation?

A

Collagen synthesis

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11
Q

Function of growth hormone in skeletal development?

A

Stimulates cartilage cell division

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12
Q

Function of the thyroid hormone and skeletal development?

A

Causes replacement of cartilage with bone

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13
Q

Function of the parathyroid hormone on skeletal development?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts/bone breakdown

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14
Q

What does Somatotropin do?

A

It is a growth hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

How are fractures classified?

A

By the cause and the nature of the break

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16
Q

What is a simple or closed fracture?

A

A fracture protected by uninjured skin or mucous membrane

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17
Q

What is a compound or open fracture?

A

A fracture in which bone is exposed to the outside through an opening in the skin or mucous membrane

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18
Q

What is a green stick fracture?

A

An incomplete fracture

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19
Q

What is one way for a green stick fracture to occur?

A

For it to occur on a convex surface

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20
Q

What is a fissured fracture?

A

An incomplete longitudinal break

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21
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

A complete brake occurring at a right angle of the axis of the bone

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22
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone

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23
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

Caused by excess twisting of a bone

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24
Q

What are the four steps in fracture repair?

A

Hematoma, cartilaginous, bony callus, and remodeling

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25
What is a hematoma?
A pool of mostly clotted blood
26
What happens during the cartilagineus Callus phase in fracture repair?
Phagocytes remove debris and fibrocartilage invades
27
What happens during the bony callus phase of a fracture repair?
Osteoblast invade and a hard Callus fills the space
28
What happens in the remodeling phase of a fracture repair?
Bone is restored close to original shape
29
What are the major functions of bones?
Provide shape, support, protection, movement, produce red blood cells, and store Inorganic salts
30
Hematopoiesis?
Blood cell formation
31
What is a change in bone marrow that can occur with age?
Red bone marrow which produces blood components is replaced with yellow bone marrow which stores fat
32
What occurs in red bone marrow?
Production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
33
What percent of bone matrix consists of inorganic mineral salts?
About 70%
34
What is the most abundant salt in storage and bone matrix?
Calcium phosphate
35
What is osteoporosis?
A condition that results from loss of bone mineralization
36
What are functions of calcium?
Building bones, nerve impulse conduction, and muscle contraction
37
What is a fragility fracture?
A fracture the occurs from less than standing height which is a sign of low bone density.
38
What is osteopenia?
Bone density loss. It is what happens before osteoporosis
39
What happens to the skeletal system as people age?
Decrease in height begins at age 30, calcium levels fall, bones become more brittle, osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts, vertebral compression fractures
40
What is another name for a joint?
An articulation
41
What are the functions of joints?
Connect parts of the skeleton together, facilitate bone growth, permit childbirth, and enable locomotion
42
What are structural classifications for joints?
Fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous
43
What are the functional classification for joints?
Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
44
What is a synarthrosis joint?
An immovable joint
45
What is a amphiarthrosis joint?
A slightly movable joint
46
What is a diarthrosis joint?
A freely movable joint
47
What is a fibrous joint?
A joint held together with dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers
48
What is a suture joint?
Synarthrosis joint which occurs between the flat bones of the skull
49
What is a gomphosis joint?
A synarthrosis peg or cone shaped type of joint such as in the jaw. (Think of gom as gums which helps hold teeth in place)
50
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis and Symphysis
51
What is a synchondrosis joint?
Composed of a band of Hyaline cartilage to form the joint.
52
What is a symphysis joint?
A pad of fibrocotilage between joints such as in the pubic symphysis or the intervertebral discs
53
What is the most common type of joint?
Synovial joints
54
What are the structures of a synovial joint?
A joint capsule consisting of an outer fibrous layer which includes ligaments, and an inner layer which includes a synovial membrane which secretes synovium
55
How are synovial joints classified?
Based on shape and movement
56
What are the six types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket, condylar, plane, hinge, pivot, and saddle
57
What is a ball and socket joint?
A type of synovial joint which features a round head fitting in a cup cavity
58
What is a condylar joint?
Also called an ellipsoidal joint, it is an oval condyle fits in an elliptical cavity. It allows for biaxial movement but without rotation
59
What is a plane joint?
Also known as a gliding joint, it is a flat joint which allows for back-and-forth motions with no axial movement
60
What is a hinge joint?
A convex surface of one bone sitting on the concave surface of another. Allows for uniaxial movement in one plane
61
What is a pivot joint?
Also known as a trichoid joint, it is a type of rotary joint which allows for uniaxial movement. For example C1 and C2 vertebrae
62
What is a saddle joint?
Also known as a sellar joint, it is between bones have a concave and convex services which allow for by axial movement in two planes
63
What is an insertion point?
The end of a muscle or most of the movement occurs
64
What is the origin?
The end of the muscle where very little movement occurs
65
What are lifespan changes in joints?
Joint stiffness, cartilage stiffens, ligaments lose elasticity, and synovial joints lose function as capillary supply diminishes
66
What are the three types of muscle?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
67
What type of muscle is voluntary?
Skeletal muscle
68
What type of muscles are involuntary?
Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
69
What is skeletal muscle comprised of?
Skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, and connective tissue
70
What are the types of connective tissue in muscle?
Fascia, tendons, and aponeurosis
71
What are the three different muscle coverings?
Epimysium, paramecium, and endomysium
72
What does the epimysium cover?
The whole muscle
73
What does the paramecium cover?
Fascicles within a muscle
74
What does the endomysium cover?
Muscle fibers/cells within a fascicle
75
Sarcolemma?
Membrane of muscle cell
76
Sarcoplasm?
Cytoplasm of the muscle cell
77
Myofibrils?
Thin Actin and thick myosin
78
Sarcomere?
The basic functional unit of skeletal muscle
79
Sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Analogous to endoplasmic reticulum, the function is the store calcium ions
80
What do skeletal muscle fibers consist of?
Sarcomeres connected into end to end
81
What are the five things that make up a sarcomere?
I band, A band, H zone, Z line, M line
82
What is the A band?
Thin and thick filaments
83
What is the I band?
Thin filaments
84
What is the H zone?
Thick filaments
85
What is another name for the Z line?
The Z disc
86
What explains sarcomere striation patterns?
The I band being light and the A band being dark
87
How does movement occur in a muscle contraction?
Actin and myosin slide past one another causing the sarcomere to shorten
88
What is the neuromuscular junction?
A type of synapps where an axon of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber interact
89
What comprises the neuromuscular junction?
Motor neuron, motor end plate, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, and neurotransmitters
90
What is acetylcholine?
A neurotransmitter involved in producing the contraction of skeletal muscle
91
What is creatine phosphate good for?
Enables muscle cells to regenerate ATP from ADP via phosphate transfer
92
How many ATP can I glucose molecule make with oxygen?
36 ATP
93
How many ATP can I glucose molecule make without oxygen?
2 ATP
94
What does the myoglobin do?
It stores extra oxygen and muscles
95
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose and to restore muscle ATP in creatine phosphate
96
What is lactic acid threshold?
The point at which there is insufficient oxygen available during anaerobic/strenuous exercise causing lactic acid to build up
97
What are common causes of muscle fatigue?
Decreased blood flow, ion and balances, and lots of desire to continue exercising
98
What is the opposite of muscle fatigue?
A muscle cramp
99
What causes a muscle cramp?
Changes in electrolyte concentrations

Z A&P Summer Studying (15 decks)

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