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Z A&P Summer Studying > Lecture #3 > Flashcards

Lecture #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for skin?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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2
Q

Definition of an organ?

A

Two or more tissues grouped together performing specialized functions

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3
Q

Accessory structures of skin/Integumentary system?

A

Hair, nails, glands, and sensory receptors.

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4
Q

What is the Epidermis and what is it composed of?

A

Outer layer of skin and composed of stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What is the Dermis and what is it composed of?

A

The inner layer of skin composed of connective tissue and contains collagen and elastic fibers.

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6
Q

Subcutaneous layer/hypodermis?

A

Beneath dermis and insulating layer composed of adipose tissue. Not officially part of the skin.

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7
Q

Keratin?

A

Tough, fibrous, waterproof protection made in cells

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8
Q

Keratinization?

A

The process of hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in epidermal cells as they migrate outward.

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9
Q

The five layers of skin?

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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10
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Protects against water loss, harmful chemicals, mechanical injury, and pathogens

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11
Q

How do you melanocytes function?

A

Located in the stratum basil they produce the pigment melanin which absorbs UV light and provide skin color.

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12
Q

How does tanning beds cause cancer?

A

The doses of UV radiation can overwhelm the body’s natural protective response against skin cancer

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13
Q

What are hereditary factors that affect skin color?

A

All people have the same number of melanocytes, yet very in the amount of melanin produced which is under genetic control.

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14
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Nerve cells, blood vessels, hair follicles, connective tissue, muscle fibers, and sweat and sebaceous glands

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15
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

Bind epidermis to underlying tissues, supplies nutrients, and sensitive to touch

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16
Q

The two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer which is more superficial in the reticular layer which is deeper

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17
Q

Where do the accessory structures of skin originate?

A

They originate from the epidermis and extend into the dermis or the hypodermis.

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18
Q

What are the accessory structures of skin?

A

Hair follicles, nails, skin glands

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19
Q

What are the three parts of nails?

A

The nail plate which overlies the nail bed. The nail bed which is the surface of skin under the nail plate. And the lunula which is the most active growing area at the base of the nail plate.

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20
Q

What are the three parts of hair?

A

Hair bulb, root, and the hair shaft.

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21
Q

Where do you find hair follicles?

A

On all areas of the body except the palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of external reproductive organs.

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22
Q

What muscle causes goosebumps?

A

The arrector pili muscle

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23
Q

What is androgenic alopecia?

A

A form of boldness we’re here is lost in the top of the head.

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24
Q

Alopecia Areata?

A

An auto immune disease that causes hair loss.

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25
Q

What is one cause associated with hair loss?

A

Lower levels of testosterone or estrogen.

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26
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

They produce sebum which is a fatty material that keeps the hair and skin soft and waterproof.

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27
Q

Acne vulgaris?

A

Glands become clogged with extra sebum an epithelial cells resulting in infection and inflammation.

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28
Q

Sudoriparous or sudoriferous glands?

A

Sweat glands which are the most numerous respond to body temperature.

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29
Q

Apocrine sweat glands?

A

And respond to emotion in pain.

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30
Q

Other types of glands?

A

Mammary glands which produce milk and ceruminous glands which produce earwax.

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31
Q

What is the function of skin?

A

Protective covering and a barrier, prevent some water loss, contains sensory receptors, excretes waste, helps produce vitamin D, and helps regulate body temperature.

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32
Q

What is normal body temp?

A

37°C or 98.6°F

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33
Q

What is the most active cells in major producers of heat in the body?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and cells of the liver.

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34
Q

What does the body do when it is too hot?

A

It responds by vasodilating the dermal blood vessels and vasoconstructing the deep flood vessels so heat in escape the skin. It can also lose heat by evaporation of sweat.

35
Q

What happens when body temperature rises?

A

Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus, vasodilation of dermal blood vessels, and sweat glands are activated.

36
Q

What happens when body temperature falls?

A

Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus, vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels, muscles involuntarily contract (shivering), sweat glands become inactive.

37
Q

Two issues that result of problems and temperature regulation?

A

Hyperthermia and hypothermia

38
Q

What is a fever?

A

The bodies set point is elevated by the immune system to fight infection

39
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Substances produced typically by bacteria which produce fevers when introduced or released into the blood

40
Q

Five signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, Heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

41
Q

What is a normal response to wounds and burns?

A

Inflammation and/or stress. Blood vessels will dilate and become more permeable to allow fluid to leak into damaged tissues.

42
Q

What is a shallow cut?

A

A cut which only affects the epidermidis.

43
Q

How do shallow cuts heal?

A

Epidermal cells along its margin will divide more rapidly and fill the gap.

44
Q

What is a deep cut?

A

A cut that reaches the dermis or subcutaneous layer resulting in blood vessels breaking.

45
Q

How does a deep cut heal?

A

Blood and fibrin clot along with platelets which ultimately forms a scab.

46
Q

How does a scar form?

A

Excess collagen fibers form and elevated mass

47
Q

What is a first-degree burn?

A

Superficial or partial thickness burn injures only the epidermidis such as a sunburn. Redness heat and inflammation are symptoms

48
Q

Healing process of a first-degree burn?

A

Takes days to weeks with no scarring

49
Q

What is a second-degree burn?

A

Destroys the epidermidis and some of the dermis it may blister

50
Q

Healing process of second-degree burns?

A

Usually recovers fully with no scarring.

51
Q

What is a third-degree burn?

A

Destroys epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures.

52
Q

Healing process of a third-degree burn?

A

Often requires a skin graft or skin substitutes.

53
Q

Lifespan changes associated with the skin?

A

Skin becomes scaly and age spots appear, epidermidis and dermis become thinner, wrinkling and sagging of skin, hair thins, loss of fat in the subcutaneous layer causes people to feel cold

54
Q

What are bones?

A

The organs of the skeletal system

55
Q

What are bones composed of?

A

Bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood, and nervous tissue

56
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Support and protect soft tissue, provide points of attachment for muscles, house blood producing cells, and store inorganic salt

57
Q

Different types of bone classifications?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

58
Q

What are long bones?

A

Long and narrow bones with expanded ends

59
Q

What are short bones?

A

Cube like in nature

60
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

A type of short bone that is embedded in tendons

61
Q

What are flatbones?

A

Plate like bones with broad surfaces

62
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Comes in variety of shapes and most are connected to other bones

63
Q

Epiphysis?

A

Expanded end of a long bone

64
Q

Diaphysis?

A

Bone shaft made of compact bone

65
Q

Metaphysis?

A

The region where bone growth occurs

66
Q

What does articular cartilage cover?

A

Epiphysis

67
Q

Periosteum?

A

The casing of a bone made of dense connective tissue

68
Q

Where on the bone is Compact bone?

A

Wall of diaphysis

69
Q

What does spongy bone make up?

A

The epiphysis

70
Q

Medullary cavity?

A

Hallow chamber in the diaphysis 

71
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

72
Q

What can osteocytes do?

A

Exchange nutrients and waste

73
Q

What is the extra cellular matrix of bone composed of?

A

Mainly collagen fibers (resilience) and inorganic salts (hardness)

74
Q

What does compact bone consist of?

A

Cylindrical units called osteons

75
Q

Characteristics of compact bone?

A

Strong and solid

76
Q

Functions of compact bone?

A

Weight bearing and they resist compression

77
Q

What does spongy bone consist of?

A

Consists of branching plates called trabeculae

78
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

It is somewhat flexible and allows nutrients to diffuse through

79
Q

What does ossify mean?

A

Formation of bone

80
Q

Intramembranous ossification?

A

The process of replacing embryonic connective tissue to form intramembranous bone

81
Q

Endochondral ossification?

A

The process of replacing hyaline cartilage to form endochondral bone

82
Q

Another name for epiphyseal plates?

A

Growth plates

83
Q

Osteoblast?

A

Deposits bone matrix. BUILDS bone

84
Q

Osteoclast?

A

Demineralizes or breakdown bone. CLEANS out old bone.

Z A&P Summer Studying (15 decks)

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