Lecture 30: The human microbiome

Question 1

microbiome means

Answer 1

the complete collection of microorganisms and their genes within a particular environment

Question 2

microbiota means

Answer 2

individual microbial species in a biome - bacteria, fungi, archer and viruses

Question 3

aim of the human microbiome project (HMP)

Answer 3

aim to characterise microbial communities found at multiple human body sites

Question 4

emphasised bodily locations of the HMP

Answer 4

• oral
• skin
• vaginal
• gut
• nasal/lung

Question 5

first goal of HMP

Answer 5

develop a reference set of microbial genome sequences

Question 6

second goal of HMP

Answer 6

explore the relationship between disease and changes in human microbiome

Question 7

third goal of HMP

Answer 7

develop new technologies and tools for computational analysis

Question 8

fourth goal of HMP

Answer 8

establish a resource repository

Question 9

fifth goal of HMP

Answer 9

study ethical, legal and social implications of microbiome research

Question 10

strong niche specialisation both within and among individuals mean

Answer 10

different sites, means different microbes

Question 11

diversity and abundance of each niche signature microbe

Answer 11

vary widely

Question 12

HMP has documented 81-99% of

Answer 12

genera, enzyme families and community configurations

Question 13

different sites of microbiomes in humans mean

Answer 13

different bacteria

Question 14

human gut is also know as

Answer 14

gastrointestinal tract

digestive tract

Question 15

human gut has the highest

Answer 15

density of microbes in the human body

Question 16

differences in microbes in different locations reflects

Answer 16

different conditions in these locations

Question 17

50% of fecal biomass is

Answer 17

bacteria

Question 18

functional foods are

Answer 18

food claiming to have a health promoting function beyond supplying nutrients

Question 19

probiotics are

Answer 19

live organisms

Question 20

probiotics survive

Answer 20

transit through stomach and duodenum

Question 21

prebiotics are

Answer 21

an ingredient that beneficially nourishes the good bacteria in bowl or colon

Question 22

most probiotics are

Answer 22

oligosaccharides a type of carbohydrate

Question 23

FECAL microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly successful treatment for

Answer 23

multiple recurrences of clostridium difficile infection (CDI)