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HISTO > Lecture 3: Tissue and Adipose > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Tissue and Adipose Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four classes of connective tissue?

A
  1. embryonic CT
  2. Loose CT
  3. Dense CT
  4. Specialized CT
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2
Q

What class is mesenchyme, what are 4 characteristics?

A

EMBRYONIC

  1. Small spindle shaped cells
  2. relatively uniform appearance
  3. 3D cellular network
  4. Capable of turning into other tissue type
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3
Q

What class is mucous CT where is it found and what are 4 characteristics?

A

EMBRYONIC - umbilical cord

  1. fibroblast and mesenchymal cells
  2. more space between cells
  3. less reticular fibers
  4. Wharton’s jelly
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4
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Areolar (loose) CT?

A
  1. loosely arranged collagen fibers
  2. primarily found under epithelium
  3. Site of inflammatory and immune reaction
  4. lamina propria
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5
Q

What are 5 characteristics of dense irregular CT?

A
  1. mostly collagen fibers
  2. little ground substance and fibroblasts
  3. strength and stress resistance
  4. submucosa of hollow organs
  5. reticular layer of dermis
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6
Q

Where is dense regular CT found? (3)

A

tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

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7
Q

What are resident cells of the CT? (4)

A
  1. Fibroblast/myofibroblast
  2. Macrophages
  3. adipocytes
  4. mast cells
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8
Q

What are the transient cells of CT? (6)

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Basophils
  5. Monocytes
  6. Plasma cells
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9
Q

What are the two stem cell populations the cells of CT arise from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells
undifferentiated (mast cell + plasma cell)
mesenchymal cells (fibroblast + adipocyte)

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10
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

major protein synthesizer (GAGs, collagen, elastin, collagen, proteoglycans, multiadhesive)

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11
Q

What is characteristic of a mast cell what do they release?

A

Histamine, heparin, serine proteases, leukotrienes
Basophilic
cell surface is covered in IgE

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12
Q

What is characteristic of plasma cells, where are they found?

A

CLOCKFACE nuclei
prominent in LCT
produce antibodies

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13
Q

What are the 6 functions of the ECM?

A
  1. Mechanical and structural support
  2. biochemical barrier
  3. metabolic regulation
  4. anchors CT cells
  5. Cell migration
  6. Regulates growth and maturity
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14
Q

What classes of molecules compose the ECM?

A
  1. proteoglycans
  2. Glycosaminoglycans
  3. Multiadhesive glycoproteins
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15
Q

What are the 4 types of GAGs?

A
  1. Hyaluronan - lubricant/shock absorption
  2. Chondroitin 4/6 sulfate- shock absorption
  3. Keratin sulfate- axonal guidance, cellular recognition
  4. Heparin sulfate- facilitates interactions with FGF
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16
Q

What are the 4 proteoglycans?

A
  1. Aggrecan - hydration of ECM
  2. Decorin - Collagen fibrogenesis
  3. Versican- cell-cell/ cell-ECM interactions
  4. Syndecan - Links cells to ECM
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17
Q

What are the 4 multi-adhesive glycoproteins?

A

Laminin- anchors cell to basal lamina
osteoportin- binds osteoclast, binds calcium
fibronectin- cell adhesion
tenascin- modulation of cell attachment to ECM

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18
Q

What are three types of fibers?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. elastic fibers
19
Q

What are characteristics of collagen fibers?

A

Collagen fibrils (68nm banding pattern)

20
Q

Describe collagen fibrils

A

staggered collagen molecules
stregnth by covalent bonds
every third AA –> glycine
H bonding between prolines and glycines

21
Q

Type I collagen

A

Resistance to force, tension, and stretch (found in skin, bone, tendon, ligaments)

22
Q

Type II collagen

A

Resistance to intermittent pressure (cartilage –> hyaline / elastic)

23
Q

Type III collagen

A

Supportive scaffolding

LCT forms reticular fibers

24
Q

Type IV Collagen

A

support and filtration

basal laminae of epithelia

25
Osteogenesis imperfecta type I
Defect in Type I collagen (normal quality, abnormal quantity) --> abnormal teeth, blue sclera, brittle bones, progressive hearing loss, repeated fractures GENES: COL1A1
26
Osteogenesis imperfecta type II
Defect in Type I collagen (abnormal quality/quantity) --> severe bone deformities, respiratory complications, very short life span GENE: COL1A1, COL1A2
27
Kniest Dysplasia
Defect in Type II collagen--> short stature, ocular changes, wide fingers
28
Stickler's syndrome
Defect in Type XI collagen and Type II | Kniest dysplasia with craniofacial deforminites
29
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Defect in Type III collagen --> hyperflexibility of joints, hyperextensibility of skin (vascular organ rupture)
30
Alport's syndrome
Defect in IV collagen --> hematuria, progressive hearing loss, ocular lesions
31
Kindler's syndrome
Defect in Type VII, absence of anchoring fibrils (blistering disease)
32
Generalize atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa (GABEB)
Type XVII collagen (blistering disease with faulty hemidesmosomes)
33
What are the two components of elastic fibers?
elastin (core) and fibrillin microfibrils (produced by fibroblast & SM cells)
34
Fibrillin production depends on what gene?
FBN1
35
Marfan's syndrome
Autosomal dominant, mutation on chromosome 15 --> tall and thin, high risk for aortic rupture
36
What does chronic sun exposure lead to? (3)
1. fibrillin microfibrils --> nonfunctional elastic fibers 2. decrease skin elasticity 3. increased expression of MMP1 and 9, (elastase)
37
Characteristics of white adipose tissue (5)?
1. Unilocular adipocyte 2. energy storage + source of water 3. insulation 4. cushioning 5. endocrine functions
38
Charateristics of brown adipose tissue?
1. multilocular 2. Sympathetic nerve innervation (norepinephrine) 3. Highly vascular 4. Thermogenesis 5. Many mitochondria
39
What are 2 short term weight regulating hormones?
1. Ghrelin - appetite stimulant | 2. PYY- Appetite suppressant
40
What are 2 long term weight regulating hormones?
1. Leptin- foot intake inhibitor 2. insulin - regulation of blood glucose **act on brain centers
41
Prader- Willi
Deletion or silencing of q11-13 of chromosome 15 --> Hyperghrelinemia (low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, chronic hunger)
42
What are 6 Endocrine molecules that come from adipose?
1. leptin 2. adiponectin 3. resistin (insulin inhibit) 4. apelin 5. IL-6 6. TNF a and B * * Obesity= increase in leption = increase all of these (except adiponectin)
43
Lipoma, Fibrolipoma, Angiolipoma, Liposarcoma
Lipoma- benign adipocyte tumor fibrolipoma- adipocytes surrounded by fibrous tissue angiolipoma- adipocytes surrounded by vascular channels liposarcoma- malignant adipocyte tumor

HISTO (13 decks)

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