Lecture 3: Tissue and Adipose Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four classes of connective tissue?

A
  1. embryonic CT
  2. Loose CT
  3. Dense CT
  4. Specialized CT
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2
Q

What class is mesenchyme, what are 4 characteristics?

A

EMBRYONIC

  1. Small spindle shaped cells
  2. relatively uniform appearance
  3. 3D cellular network
  4. Capable of turning into other tissue type
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3
Q

What class is mucous CT where is it found and what are 4 characteristics?

A

EMBRYONIC - umbilical cord

  1. fibroblast and mesenchymal cells
  2. more space between cells
  3. less reticular fibers
  4. Wharton’s jelly
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4
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Areolar (loose) CT?

A
  1. loosely arranged collagen fibers
  2. primarily found under epithelium
  3. Site of inflammatory and immune reaction
  4. lamina propria
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5
Q

What are 5 characteristics of dense irregular CT?

A
  1. mostly collagen fibers
  2. little ground substance and fibroblasts
  3. strength and stress resistance
  4. submucosa of hollow organs
  5. reticular layer of dermis
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6
Q

Where is dense regular CT found? (3)

A

tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

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7
Q

What are resident cells of the CT? (4)

A
  1. Fibroblast/myofibroblast
  2. Macrophages
  3. adipocytes
  4. mast cells
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8
Q

What are the transient cells of CT? (6)

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Basophils
  5. Monocytes
  6. Plasma cells
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9
Q

What are the two stem cell populations the cells of CT arise from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells
undifferentiated (mast cell + plasma cell)
mesenchymal cells (fibroblast + adipocyte)

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10
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

major protein synthesizer (GAGs, collagen, elastin, collagen, proteoglycans, multiadhesive)

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11
Q

What is characteristic of a mast cell what do they release?

A

Histamine, heparin, serine proteases, leukotrienes
Basophilic
cell surface is covered in IgE

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12
Q

What is characteristic of plasma cells, where are they found?

A

CLOCKFACE nuclei
prominent in LCT
produce antibodies

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13
Q

What are the 6 functions of the ECM?

A
  1. Mechanical and structural support
  2. biochemical barrier
  3. metabolic regulation
  4. anchors CT cells
  5. Cell migration
  6. Regulates growth and maturity
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14
Q

What classes of molecules compose the ECM?

A
  1. proteoglycans
  2. Glycosaminoglycans
  3. Multiadhesive glycoproteins
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15
Q

What are the 4 types of GAGs?

A
  1. Hyaluronan - lubricant/shock absorption
  2. Chondroitin 4/6 sulfate- shock absorption
  3. Keratin sulfate- axonal guidance, cellular recognition
  4. Heparin sulfate- facilitates interactions with FGF
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16
Q

What are the 4 proteoglycans?

A
  1. Aggrecan - hydration of ECM
  2. Decorin - Collagen fibrogenesis
  3. Versican- cell-cell/ cell-ECM interactions
  4. Syndecan - Links cells to ECM
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17
Q

What are the 4 multi-adhesive glycoproteins?

A

Laminin- anchors cell to basal lamina
osteoportin- binds osteoclast, binds calcium
fibronectin- cell adhesion
tenascin- modulation of cell attachment to ECM

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18
Q

What are three types of fibers?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. elastic fibers
19
Q

What are characteristics of collagen fibers?

A

Collagen fibrils (68nm banding pattern)

20
Q

Describe collagen fibrils

A

staggered collagen molecules
stregnth by covalent bonds
every third AA –> glycine
H bonding between prolines and glycines

21
Q

Type I collagen

A

Resistance to force, tension, and stretch (found in skin, bone, tendon, ligaments)

22
Q

Type II collagen

A

Resistance to intermittent pressure (cartilage –> hyaline / elastic)

23
Q

Type III collagen

A

Supportive scaffolding

LCT forms reticular fibers

24
Q

Type IV Collagen

A

support and filtration

basal laminae of epithelia

25
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta type I

A

Defect in Type I collagen (normal quality, abnormal quantity) –> abnormal teeth, blue sclera, brittle bones, progressive hearing loss, repeated fractures
GENES: COL1A1

26
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta type II

A

Defect in Type I collagen (abnormal quality/quantity) –> severe bone deformities, respiratory complications, very short life span
GENE: COL1A1, COL1A2

27
Q

Kniest Dysplasia

A

Defect in Type II collagen–> short stature, ocular changes, wide fingers

28
Q

Stickler’s syndrome

A

Defect in Type XI collagen and Type II

Kniest dysplasia with craniofacial deforminites

29
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

A

Defect in Type III collagen –> hyperflexibility of joints, hyperextensibility of skin (vascular organ rupture)

30
Q

Alport’s syndrome

A

Defect in IV collagen –> hematuria, progressive hearing loss, ocular lesions

31
Q

Kindler’s syndrome

A

Defect in Type VII, absence of anchoring fibrils (blistering disease)

32
Q

Generalize atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa (GABEB)

A

Type XVII collagen (blistering disease with faulty hemidesmosomes)

33
Q

What are the two components of elastic fibers?

A

elastin (core) and fibrillin microfibrils (produced by fibroblast & SM cells)

34
Q

Fibrillin production depends on what gene?

A

FBN1

35
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant, mutation on chromosome 15 –> tall and thin, high risk for aortic rupture

36
Q

What does chronic sun exposure lead to? (3)

A
  1. fibrillin microfibrils –> nonfunctional elastic fibers
  2. decrease skin elasticity
  3. increased expression of MMP1 and 9, (elastase)
37
Q

Characteristics of white adipose tissue (5)?

A
  1. Unilocular adipocyte
  2. energy storage + source of water
  3. insulation
  4. cushioning
  5. endocrine functions
38
Q

Charateristics of brown adipose tissue?

A
  1. multilocular
  2. Sympathetic nerve innervation (norepinephrine)
  3. Highly vascular
  4. Thermogenesis
  5. Many mitochondria
39
Q

What are 2 short term weight regulating hormones?

A
  1. Ghrelin - appetite stimulant

2. PYY- Appetite suppressant

40
Q

What are 2 long term weight regulating hormones?

A
  1. Leptin- foot intake inhibitor
  2. insulin - regulation of blood glucose

**act on brain centers

41
Q

Prader- Willi

A

Deletion or silencing of q11-13 of chromosome 15 –> Hyperghrelinemia
(low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, chronic hunger)

42
Q

What are 6 Endocrine molecules that come from adipose?

A
  1. leptin
  2. adiponectin
  3. resistin (insulin inhibit)
  4. apelin
  5. IL-6
  6. TNF a and B
    * * Obesity= increase in leption = increase all of these (except adiponectin)
43
Q

Lipoma, Fibrolipoma, Angiolipoma, Liposarcoma

A

Lipoma- benign adipocyte tumor
fibrolipoma- adipocytes surrounded by fibrous tissue
angiolipoma- adipocytes surrounded by vascular channels
liposarcoma- malignant adipocyte tumor