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HISTO > Lecture 1: Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What does hematoxylin stain and what color is it?

A

blue- nucleic acid, rER

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2
Q

What does eosin stain, what color is it?

A

cytoplasm, RBC, collagen fibers

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3
Q

What does silver stain detect?

A

Retinacular fibers and nerve fibers -brown/black

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4
Q

What does Wright’s stain detect?

A

blood cells- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, platelet granules.

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5
Q

Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS)

A

basement membrane (carbohydrates, glycogen) -magenta

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6
Q

Describe a basic dye (+)

A

stains acidic (nucleoli DNA, cytoplasmic rRNA) –blue ex. hematoxylin

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7
Q

Describe an acidic dye (-)

A

Reacts with basic structures (cytoplasmic filments, intracellular membranes, extracellular fibers) ex. eosin

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8
Q

What is an Argentaffin cell?

A

cell that forms cytoplasmic deposits of metallic silver from silver salts

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9
Q

What is characteristic of a Gaucher cell?

A

cytoplasm looks like crumpled tissue paper

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10
Q

What are two kinds of membrane rafts?

A
  1. Large planer lipid rafts

2. Caveolar rafts

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11
Q

Glycosphingolipids and flotillins are characteristic of what kind of raft?

A

Large planer

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12
Q

Caveolins are characteristics of what?

A

Caveolar rafts

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13
Q

What are 6 functions of integral membrane proteins?

A
  1. pumps
  2. channels
  3. receptor proteins
  4. linker proteins
  5. enzymes
  6. structural proteins
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14
Q

What is the difference between the E face and P face of a protein

A

P face has more integral proteins

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15
Q

What are two proteins involved in membrane transport?

A

carrier proteins or channel proteins

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16
Q

What are three kinds of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. receptor mediated
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17
Q

Rearrangment of the actin cytoskeleton is characteristic of which mechanism of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis

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18
Q

Adaptin and clathrin are characteristic of what kind of endocytosis?

A

Receptor mediated enocytosis

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19
Q

What is produced by constitutive exocytosis? (2)

A
  1. antibodies

2. MHC

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20
Q

What is produced by regulated exocytosis? (3)

A
  1. Endocrine cells
  2. Exocrine cells
  3. Neurons
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21
Q

Nucleus

A

3- 10 uM - Genomone

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22
Q

Nucleolus

A

1-2 uM - rRNA synthesis, regulation of cell cycle

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23
Q

Plasma membrane

A

0.008 - 0.01 - Signals ion transport

24
Q

rER

A

5 - 10 uM - Protein synthesis (continuous with nuclear membrane)

25
Q

sER

A

throughout cytoplasm - Lipid and steroid metabolism

26
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

5-10 uM - modification of proteins– sorting

27
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

0.05 - 1 uM - Transport and storage of proteins

28
Q

Mitochondria

A

0.2 - 7uM - Energy, initiation of apoptosis

29
Q

Endosomes

A

0.02- 0.5uM - Transport

30
Q

Lysosomes

A

0.2 - 0.5 - Oxidative digestion

31
Q

Cytoskeletal elements

A

0.006 - 0.025 uM- Motility, adhesion, transport, structure

32
Q

Ribosomes

A

0.025 uM - Protein synthesis

33
Q

Glycogen

A

0.01 - 0.04uM - short term storage of glucose

34
Q

Lipid droplets

A

0.2 - 5uM - Storage of fatty acids (Hi energy)

35
Q

Peroxisomes

A

0.2 - 0.5- Oxidative digestion

36
Q

Describe the pH changes of an endosome –> lysosome

A

Early endosome - pH 6.2 - 6.5
Late endosome - pH 5.5
Lysosomes - pH 4.7

37
Q

What are 4 major pathways of protein secretion

A
  1. Apical plasma membrane
  2. Basolateral plasma membrane
  3. Endosome or lysosome
  4. Apical cytoplasm
38
Q

What are three cycles the mitochondria uses to generate ATP?

A
  1. Oxidative phosphorylation
  2. TCA
  3. Beta- oxidation of fatty acids
39
Q

Three non-membrane bound organelles

A
  1. Actin
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermeditate filaments
40
Q

What are the 4 functions of microtubules?

A
  1. Cilia and flagella
  2. Vesicular transport
  3. Movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
  4. Cell movement and shape
41
Q

What are the two proteins associated with microtubules?

A
  1. Kinesines (+ end) away from golgi

2. Dyeneins (- end) toward golgi

42
Q

Describe cilia

A
  1. Core of microtubules
  2. motile and can beat toward one direction
  3. Found in specialized cells –> ear (sterocilia)
43
Q

Describe microvili

A
  1. Core of plasma membrane
  2. May function is absorption and increase surface area
  3. held together in bundles by villin and fimbrin
44
Q

What pattern is cilium arranged in? Centrioles?

A

9 + 2 (cilium)

9 (centrioles

45
Q

What are two types of actin?

A

G-actin -> free

F- Actin -> incorporated

46
Q

Describe the mechanism of phalloidin (poison mushrooms)

A

Prevents depolarization resulting in cell death

47
Q

Describe the mechanism of cytochaslin B and D

A

Prevents polymerization

Inhibits lymphocyte migration, phagocytosis, and cell division

48
Q

What is membrane blebbing and what are the causes?

A

Plasma membrane detaches from cytoskeleton –> Phalloidin and cytochalasin B and D

49
Q

What are the 5 classes of intermediate filaments?

A
  1. Keratins (all epithelial cells)
  2. Vimentins (SM and neurons
  3. Neurofilaments (neurons)
  4. Lamins (nuclear-most differentiated)
  5. Beaded filaments (eye lens)
50
Q

What are inclusion and what are the types?

A

non moving, non living

  1. lipofuscin
  2. hemosiderin
  3. glycogen
  4. lipid inclusions
  5. cystalline inclusions
51
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

A flat sheet that is the scaffolding for chromosomes and nuclear pores

52
Q

Compare a heterochromatin and a euchromatin

A

heterochromatin (dark staining)- tightly packed transcriptionally INACTIVE
euchromatin (light staining)- transcriptionally active

53
Q

Describe a telomere

A

X of tightly packed chromatids – shortens with each cell division

54
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

females - X chromosome is repressed and stays tightly coiled

55
Q

Describe the ability of the nucleolus to regulate the cell cycle.

A
  • protein nucleosternin is a p53 binding protein and regulates cell cycle
  • Alters cell cycle to control viral replication

HISTO (13 decks)

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