Lecture 13: Accesory organs

Question 1

What are the digestive enzymes secreted in the pancreas?

Answer 1

trypsin, lipase, RNAase, elastase

Question 2

Characteristic exocrine cells of the pancrease:

Answer 2

acinar cells

Question 3

Characteristic endocrine cells of the pancreas

Answer 3

cells of islet of langerhans

Question 4

Intercalated ducts in the pancreas secrete:

Answer 4

water and bicarbonate - stimulated by secretin

Question 5

What are the terminal cells of intercalated ducts?

Answer 5

centroacinar cells

Question 6

what are the specialized interlobular ducts of the pancreas called and what kind of epithelium do they exhibit?

Answer 6

intercalated ducts - columnar epithelium

Question 7

What two ducts join at the ampulla of vater?

Answer 7

common bile duct and main pancreatic duct

Question 8

What is the sphincter of oddi

Answer 8

the major duodenal papilla - controls secretion to duodenum

Question 9

What is the duct of santorini

Answer 9

the minor duodenal papilla - controls secretion of accessory pancreatic duct

Question 10

amylase digests

Answer 10

carbohydrates

Question 11

trypsin digests

Answer 11

protein and peptides

Question 12

deoxyribonuclease digests

Answer 12

DNA

Question 13

ribonuclease digests

Answer 13

RNA

Question 14

lipase digests

Answer 14

Lipids

Question 15

cholesterol esterase digests

Answer 15

cholesterol

Question 16

trypsin inhibitor is produced by what cells?

Answer 16

acinar cells

Question 17

What four mechanisms are used to prevent autodigestion of the pancreas?

Answer 17

1. digestive enzymes are packaged in vesicles
2. digestive enzymes are inactivated by low pH in vesicles (H+ pump)
3. Digestive enzymes begin are proenzymes
4. inhibitory molecules keep enzymes inactive

Question 18

hepatocytes mainly secrete what?

Answer 18

bile

Question 19

What is the CT sheath that covers the liver called?

Answer 19

Glisson’s capsule

Question 20

What is the percentage break down of the blood supply of the liver?

Answer 20

Receives 35% of its blood from the systemic circulation, but the other 65 % of its blood from hepatic portal system

Question 21

What is the relation of blood flow direction and bile flow?

Answer 21

they are opposite

Question 22

What is the portal triad?

Answer 22

hepatic artery, hepatic vein, bile duct

Question 23

Where is the portal triad located?

Answer 23

the portal space of kiernan

Question 24

Where can you find the space of disse

Answer 24

between the sinusoids and hepatocye

Question 25

where are kupffer cells found and what is their function?

Answer 25

in the space of disse, they destroy bacteria that enters the liver via portal circulation

Question 26

What three cells are found in the space of disse?

Answer 26

Kupffer cells, Pit (natural killer) cells, hepatic stellate (ito) cells

Question 27

What is the function of a pit cell?

Answer 27

it is activated by interleukins to kill tumor cells

Question 28

What is the function of a hepatic stellate cell?

Answer 28

it stores vitamin A, it can transform into collagen secreting cells when injured --> cirrhosis of liver (excessive collagen)

Question 29

What are the three ways to view the liver

Answer 29

1. Classic hepatic lobule 2. portal lobule 3. portal acinus

Question 30

Describe the classic hepatic lobule

Answer 30

drains blood from portal veins and hepatic ateries to hepatic/central v. has central vein in middle

Question 31

Describe portal lobule

Answer 31

drains bile from hepatocytes to bile duct duct | triangular, with bile duct in the middle

Question 32

Describe portal acinus

Answer 32

supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes has three zones, zone I is the most oxygenated, it is the first exposed to the blood

Question 33

What is the function of the gall bladder?

Answer 33

it stores and concentrates bile

Question 34

What controls SM contraction in gall bladder?

Answer 34

CCK and ACh

Question 35

Describe the two different types of cholelithiasis

Answer 35

1. Cholesterol - yellow soft, 70-100% cholesterol | 2. Pigmented- hard stones, brown or black,

Question 36

Describe jaundice and the causes (3):

Answer 36

Increased levels of bilirubin- yellowing of skin, sclera, and mucous membranes 1. liver cant remove excessive bilirubin 2. defect in liver prevents unconjugated bilirubin from converting into conjugated bilirubin 3. blockage of bile ducts impedes flow of bile to SI to digest bilirubin (cancer pancreas head)