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HISTO > Lecture 14: GI Tract > Flashcards

Lecture 14: GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where is gastrin synthesized and what is its action?

A

Stomach- Gastric acid secretion

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2
Q

Where is ghrelin synthesized and what is its action?

A

Stomach- stimulates appeptites and inhibits lipid metabolism

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3
Q

Where is Gastric inhibitory polypeptide synthesized and action?

A

small intestine- inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates insulin release

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4
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is synthesized where and what is its action?

A

small intestine- secretion of pancreatic enzymes, bicarbonate release, contraction of gall bladder (release of bile –> duodenum)

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5
Q

where is secretin synthesized and what is its action?

A

duodenum- increases bicarbonate and water secretion from the pancreas and inhibits gastric acid secretion

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6
Q

Where is motilin synthesized and what is its action?

A

small intestine- increases gastric intestinal motility

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7
Q

Where is pancreatic polypeptide synthesized and what is its action?

A

Pancreas- opposes CCK, relaxes gallbladder, inhibits pancreatic secretions

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8
Q

Where is somatostatin synthesized, what is its action?

A

GI tract- inhibits the release of GI hormones

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9
Q

What is the characteristic features of the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s Glands

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10
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the jejunum

A

Large plicae circulares (transverse folds of the submucosa)

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11
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

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12
Q

What are the cells of the small intestine? (5)

A 
enterocytes- secretion/ absorption
goblet cells- antimicrobial (lysozymes)
M-cells- antigen presenting
stem cell- found in intestinal crypts
APUD
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13
Q

What APUDs are secreted by the pancreas (3)

A

secretin, CCK, PP

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14
Q

What are glycocalyx and where are they found?

A

collectively known as the brush border - in the pancreas

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15
Q

Where are enterocytes and what do they do?

A

secrete enterokinase (trypsinogen –> trypsin) they are found in the glycocalyx of the pancreas

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16
Q

What are the two functions of bile?

A
  1. to emulsify fat

2. excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin in feces

17
Q

what are lacteals?

A

lymph capillaries

18
Q

what kind of lipids get absorbed in the lymph?

A

long-chain lipids (chylomicron)

19
Q

What is a chylomicron?

A

lipid protein particles which make protein coat of long-chain lipids made of triglyceride and lipoprotein

20
Q

What is the function of the colon/rectum?

A

Absorption of water, production of feces

21
Q

Describe ulcerative colitis

A

Path: primarily in colon/rectum, it only effects mucosa.
Symptoms: Ab. pain, bloody stool, anemia, fatigue
Rx: corticosteroid (preduison), 5-aminosalicylates

22
Q

Describe Crohn’s Disaese

A

IBD, can effect any part of the GI tract and it effects the entire wall.
Diagnostic: String Sign (thickening of wall), pain in lower right quad
Rx: nutrition, cortico steroids, surgery

23
Q

What muscle is used in involuntary control of defecation? Describe the sequence

A

Internal anal sphincter
enternic and autonomic neurons sense that poop has filled colon –> reflexes internal anal sphincter –> feces in rectum = urge to poo

24
Q

What muscle is used in voluntary control of defecation?

A

external anal sphincter

also diaphram and ab. muscles

25
Q

What is the difference in venous drainage above and below the pectinate line?

A

above- superior rectal v. –> inferior mesenteric –> hepatic portal
below- inferior vena cava (caval system)

26
Q

The molecules that form HCl in the stomach begin where and ultimately form the HCl where?

A

H+ and Cl- are first in the cytoplasm of the parietal cell, they then form HCl in the canaliculi

27
Q

What are the four layers of the wall of the trachea?

A

Mucousa, submucousa, Carilagenous layer, adventitia

28
Q

What are the five layers of bronchi

A

mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, cartilage layer, adventitia

29
Q

Describe what a pink puffer is

A

emphysema - less surface area for gas exchange, and less vascular bed for gas exchange. Body compensates by hyperventilation

30
Q

Describe what a blue bloater is

A

chronic bronchitis - body response to obstruction by decreasing ventilation and increasing cardiac output, residual lung space gradually increases

31
Q

describe pneumonia

A

Inflammatory condition of the lung especially affecting the alveoli, also disrupts gas exchange and capillary beds
VIRAL- lymphocytes
BACTERIAL - neutrophils

32
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis

A

CFTR Cl- transporter works differently in different tissue.

the muco- cillary elevator is dehydrated and malfunctions

HISTO (13 decks)

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