lecture 3- large biological molecules

Question 1

what is facilitative diffusion

Answer 1

channel to move things that cant penetrate the membrane

Question 2

out of the four large biological molecules which is not considered a macromolecule and why

Answer 2

lipids
they are not polymers

Question 3

what are nucleic acid also called

Answer 3

polynucleotide

Question 4

apart from its components what does a compounds function rely on

Answer 4

its shape

Question 5

what is a dehydration reaction and when does it happen

Answer 5

when two monomers bond together and lose a water molecule

Question 6

what is hydrolysis

Answer 6

when a polymer breaks down and gains a water molecule

Question 7

ratio in monosaccharides

Answer 7

CH2O
1:2:1

Question 8

how are monosaccharides classified

Answer 8

location of carbonyl group
number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Question 9

examples of monosaccharide classification

Answer 9

trioses (3 carbon)
pentoses (5 carbon)
hexoses (6 carbon)
aldose and ketose

Question 10

how to differentiate aldoses and ketoses

Answer 10

aldoses have a terminal carbon = oxygen and - hydrogen (H-C=O)
ketoses have a carbon = oxygen in the middle of the molecule

Question 11

what is the bond between two monosaccharide called

Answer 11

glycosidic linkage

Question 12

the structure and function of a polysaccharide is determined by what

Answer 12

sugar monomers
position of glycosidic linkage

Question 13

what is starch made of

Answer 13

only glucose molecules

Question 14

how is surplus starch stored in plants

Answer 14

as granules in chloroplasts and other plastids

Question 15

how is glucose stored in animals

Answer 15

as glycogen

Question 16

where is glycogen held

Answer 16

mainly in liver and muscle cells

Question 17

what is cellulose made of

Answer 17

glucose only

Question 18

how is cellulose different than starch

Answer 18

their glycosidic linkages are different
cellulose is made of beta glucose
starch is made of alpha glucose

Question 19

difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 19

OH and H on one edge are flipped
enzymes that can digest alpha linkage cant digest beta linkage

Question 20

what are fungal cell walls made of

Answer 20

chitin
also arthropod exoskeleton are made of it

Question 21

what two groups will give an amino acid a charge

Answer 21

carboxyl (-) and amino groups (+)

Question 22

what is a nucleoside

Answer 22

base (A T G C) + sugar

Question 23

what is the scientific name for starch

Answer 23

amylose

Question 24

what are the three functions of carbohydrates and examples

Answer 24

fuel (glucose)
energy storage (glycogen/starch)
structural support (chitin/cellulose)

Question 25

in water will sugars stay linear

Answer 25

no, the 5th carbon and the carbonyl end will combine to make a ring

Question 26

what are the structures of glycogen, starch and cellulose

Answer 26

glycogen is branched
starch is semi branched
cellulose is linear

Question 27

alpha and beta linkage give which type of structure

Answer 27

alpha gives branched
beta gives linear

Question 28

which type of glucose is glycogen made of

Answer 28

alpha glucose

Question 29

what are each of the four structures of proteins

Answer 29

primary: polypeptide chain
secondary: alpha helix & beta pleated sheets
tertiary: folding of polypeptide using R group interactions
quaternary: joining of multiple polypeptides

Question 30

what are the forces holding the tertiary structures of proteins

Answer 30

hydrophobic interactions
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
disulfide bond/bridge

Question 31

what does -thiol mean

Answer 31

sulfur based so only proteins can be called that

Question 32

what will break down during denaturation

Answer 32

alpha/beta -> ionic -> hydrophobic
(disulfide/amino acids wont break)

Question 33

what does a gene code for

Answer 33

polypeptide chain (not protein)
alpha/beta chains

Question 34

if the hydrogen bonding is disturbed which structures are affected in a protein

Answer 34

all structures will be equally affected as they all contain hydrogen bonding

Question 35

what are the types of nitrogenous bases

Answer 35

pyrimidines
purines

Question 36

what is the difference between pyrimidines and purines and which bases are part of which group

Answer 36

pyrimidines: one ring (C T U)
purines: two rings (A G)

Question 37

what can fit between the helix strands

Answer 37

three rings
one purine (2 rings) and one pyrimidines (1 ring)