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Neurology > Lecture 29 Pathology of Brain Tumours > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Pathology of Brain Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

When intracranial pressure increased what is the path of the brain

A
  • Brain cannot go through falx, but can go around edge

* Brain cannot go through skull, but can move down through foramen magnum

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2
Q

Name the which tough fibrous sheers inside the skull that keeps the brain in place

A

Falx cerebri

Tentorium cerebelli

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3
Q

What is the opening to the spinal cord

A

Foramen Magnum

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4
Q

Name the causes of raised intracranial pressure

A 
Localised Lesions
1.	Haemorrhage
2.	Tumour
3.	Abscess
Generalised Pathology
1.	Oedema post trauma
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5
Q

What is the effect of a localised lesion

A
  • Amount of tissue increases
  • Raised intracranial pressure
  • Cause internal shift (herniation) between the intracranial spaces
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6
Q

Name the type of brain herniation

A 
Cingulate
Central
Uncal
Cerebrotonsillar
Upward
Transcalvarial
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7
Q

What generally causes a Cingulate hernia

A

Unilateral forntal, parietal or temporal lobe

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8
Q

Where does the cingulate Cyrus travel in cingulate hernia

A

Beneath free edge of the fall cerebri due to raised intracranial pressure

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9
Q

The uncus is a part of what lobe

A

Temporal lobe

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10
Q

Tumours can squeeze nearby tissue and cause___

A

Iscahemia

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11
Q

Name the types of Intracranial tumours

A

CNS primary and secondary

Cells originating outside brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

How are Intracranial tumours classified

A

Origin- brain cells/cells surrounding or originating outside the brain
Malignant

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13
Q

Name brain cell tumours

A
  • Glial cells – gliomas (glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma
  • Embryonic neural cells – medulloblastoma
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14
Q

Name malignant tumours

A

Glial cells – gliomas (glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma

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15
Q

Name childhood malignant tumours

A

• Embryonic neural cells – medulloblastoma

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16
Q

Name intracranial tumours that originate outside the brain

A
  • Arachnoidal cell – meningioma
  • Nerve sheath cell – Schwannoma, neurofibroma
  • Pituitary gland – adenoma
  • Lymphoid cell – lymphoma
  • Capillary vessels – haemangioblastoma
17
Q

Name common locations for metastatic tumours

A

Breast, lung, kidney, colon, melanoma

18
Q

What is the common site for CNS tumours in adults

A

Above tentorium cerebelli

19
Q

What is the common site for CNS tumours in child

A

Below tentorium cerebelli

20
Q

Name the types of gliomas

A

Astrocytoma
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymoma

21
Q

What are the main features of glioma

A

Malignant
Diffuse edges- not encapsulated
Do not metastasise outside of CNS

22
Q

Name the 2 main types of Astrocytoma

A

Low grade astrocytoma

Glioblastoma

23
Q

What are the features of low grade astrocytoma

A

Bland cells
Grow very slowly
Small cells with single nucleus

24
Q

Name the features of glioblastoma

A 
High grade on microscopy
Large tumour with necrosis
Grow quickly
Large cell with multiple nuclei
Large cell with irregular nucleus
25
Q

What is medulloblastoma

A

• Tumour of primitive neuroectoderm (primitive neural cells)

26
Q

Name the features of Medulloblastoma

A

Sheets of small undifferentiated cells
Common in children
Posterior fossa- especially brain stem
Malignant

27
Q

What is Meningioma?

A

Cancer that involves the coverings of the brain

28
Q

Name the features of Meningioma

A

Benign
Do not metastasise but can be locally aggressive and invade skull
Slow growing
Often resectable
Bland cells forming small groups resembling arachnoid granulation
Calcification

29
Q

The calcification in Meningioma is referred to as what

A

Psammoma body formation

30
Q

Name a common example of Nerve sheath tumours

A

Schwannoma

31
Q

What nerve Schwann cells is affected

A

CN VIII often called Acoustic neuroma at angle between pons and cerebellum

32
Q

Name features of Pituitary Adenoma

A
  • Benign tumour of pituitary in pituitary fossa
  • Often secrete a pituitary hormone
  • Grow superiorly and impinge on optic chiasma- visual signs
  • Large well circumscribed mass protruding upwards from base to skull
33
Q

Name features of CNS lymphoma

A

High grade neoplasm
Diffuse large-B cell lymphoma
Deep and central side in brain
Do not spread outside of CNS

34
Q

Why is lymphoma difficult to treat

A

Drug do not cross blood brain barrier

35
Q

What is Heamangioblastoma

A

Tumour of blood vessels

36
Q

Name the features of Heamangioblastoma

A

Space occupying
May bleed
Most often in cerebellum

37
Q

Describe the features of secondary tumours

A

Mostly carcinomas
Common
Histology will be that of primary tumour

Neurology (44 decks)

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