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ANAT 323 > lecture 23: diencephalon > Flashcards

lecture 23: diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

what structures make up the dienceptpahlon

A

thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

what is the dicephalon derived from

A

prosencepthalon = primary vessible
secondary vessicles = telencephon and dicenphalon

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3
Q

true or false; the diencepephaln is derived from mesenphelaon

A

false, prosenchephalon

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4
Q

true or false and explain: thalamus is only a sensory relay center

A

false, it is a sensory relay center (ex, DCML, vision etc) but it is also a motor relay center (basal nuclei and cerebellum)

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5
Q

true or false: all concious sensation is relayed to the thalamus en route to the primary cortices

A

false, all concious except olfaction (doesnt HAVE to go to thalamus first)

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6
Q

all concious sensation is relayed to the thalamus en route to the primary cortices EXCEPT WHICH

A

olfaction

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7
Q

is the thalamus invovled in any motor pathways and give example

A

yes invovled in accessory motor pathways (not corticospinal direciton) but invovled in basal nuclei and cerebellum pathways

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8
Q

what is the space betwen hypothalami called

A

3rd ventricle

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9
Q

what is the general function of the hypothalamus

A

importanct for maintenance of homeostasis (endocrine system)

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10
Q

which structure is importanct for maintenance of homeostasis (endocrine system)

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

is the hypothalamus a part of the limbic systm

A

yes

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12
Q

true or false: the hypothalamus is a part of the luimbic system

A

true

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13
Q

how does hypohtalmus invluence the endocrine system

A

controles hormone release via pitituary gland

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14
Q

the hypothalamuc controles hormone release via WHAT

A

pitituary gland

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15
Q

what structures are found in the subthalamus and what are their general fucntions

A

subthalamic nuclei (regulate output rhythm of basal nuclei, involved in reward, pleasure, behaviour)

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16
Q

what strcutures are oart of the epthalamus

A

pineal gland
habenullu and stria medullaris (superiorly)
posterior commisure (inferior)

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17
Q

true or false; the psoterior commisure is part of the hypothalmus

A

false, it is part of the epithalamus

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18
Q

be able to locate the dicephalon subdivisons on a pic

A
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19
Q

do voluntary motor pathways have to pass through the thalamus

A

no

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20
Q

whta structures form the walls of the 3rd ventricle

A

thalamus and hypothalamius

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21
Q

true or false: the thalamus and epithalamus form the walls of the 3rd ventricle

A

false, the thalamus and hypothalamus

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22
Q

what forms the walls of the lateral ventricles

A

head of the caudate

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23
Q

what connectisons the two medial thalami

A

massa intermedia

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24
Q

the superior oaspect of the thalami form what

A

the flors of the lateral ventricels

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25
Q

what forms the floors of the lateral ventricles

A

superior aspect of the thalami

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26
Q

what forms the roof of the third ventricle

A

tela choroidea

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27
Q

what is the tela choroidea

A

a thin membrane that makes it so that there is no constant comminucation between lateral and third ventricles

forms the roof of the third vcentricle

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28
Q

what are the 3 general groups of the hypothalamus

A

anterior (rostral group)
medial (tuberal group)
posterior (mamillary) group

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29
Q

where is the rostral group of the thalami located (anterior, medial, or psoterior)

A

anterior

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30
Q

where is the tuberal group of the thalami located (anterior, medial, or psoterior)

A

medial

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31
Q

where is the mamillary group of the thalami located (anterior, medial, or psoterior)

A

posterior

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32
Q

what hypothalamus group of nuclei is responsible for synthesizing hormones released from posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

anterior/rostral group

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33
Q

what is function of anterior/rostral hypothalmic nuclei

A

synthesizing hormones released from posterior lobe of pituitary gland
antidirectic hormone and oxytocin
circadian ryhtmis

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34
Q

what are the hormones that the anterior/rostral muclei of the hypthalamus make

A

antidirectic and oxytocin

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35
Q

true or false: the anterior hypthalamic nuclei are essential for circandian rhythms

A

true

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36
Q

what are the nuclei in the anterior/rostral group

A

paraventricular, supraoptic, suprachiamis

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37
Q

paraventricular, supraoptic, suprachiamis

part of what group

A

anterior/rostral

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38
Q

the anterior/rostral group of hypothalamic nuclei synthesize or control hormones released from posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

synthesize

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39
Q

what lobe of the pitutiary gland release the hormones produces from the rostral/atnerior group of hypothalamic nulcei

A

posterior

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40
Q

true or false: oxytocin and antidirectic hormones are synthesized by the medial group of hypothalamic nuclei

A

false, the anteiror group

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41
Q

what are the nuclei in the medial/tuberal group of hypothalamic neuclei

A

dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate

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42
Q

dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate

part of what hypothalmic nuclei group

A

medial/tuberal

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43
Q

what is the function of the medial/tuberal group of hypothalamic nuclei

A

controles hormone release from anterior lobe of the pineal gland

satiety, feeding, growth hormone

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44
Q

controles hormone release from anterior lobe of the pineal gland

is associateid with what group ofhypothalmic nuclei

A

medial/tuberal

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45
Q

does the pituitary gland produce its own hormones, and if so, in what lobve

A

yes, anterior lobe

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46
Q

true or false; the posterior lobe of the pitutiaary gland produces its own hormoes

A

false, the anteior lobe.

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47
Q

feelings of satiety, feeding, and growth hormones are released by anterior lobe of pitutiary gland, what hypothalmic neucli controls that hormone release

A

medial

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48
Q

what are the nuclei apart of the posterior/mamilary hypothalamic group

A

posterior and mamillary nuclei

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49
Q

what is the function of the posterior group of hypothalmic nuclei

A

activates sympathetic nervous system (increase BP, pupilary dilation, shivery)

memory (limbic system)

50
Q

activates sympathetic nervous system (increase BP, pupilary dilation, shivery)

memory (limbic system)

is assocaited with what group of hypothalamic nuclei

51
Q

if i have a lesion to my anterior group of hypothalamic nuclei, what are some assocaited issues

A

problems with circadian ryhtm (responding to ambient light signals)
issues with reproductive system (oxytocin)
issues with having too much urine (antidirective)

52
Q

problems with circadian ryhtm (responding to ambient light signals)
issues with reproductive system (oxytocin)
issues with having too much urine (antidirective)

lesion to where

A

anterior gorup of hypothalamic nuclei

53
Q

if i have a lesion to my medial group of hypothalamic nuclei, what are some assocaited issues

A

you’ll have decreased growth hormones (issues with growing)
eating disorders (specifically, not knowing when we are full and eating too much)

54
Q

decreased growth hormones (issues with growing)
eating disorders (specifically, not knowing when we are full and eating too much)

lesion to what group of hypothalamic nuclei

55
Q

if i have a lesion to my posterior group of hypothalamic nuclei, what are some assocaited issues

A

loss of activating signals to my sympathic system/overactivation to parasym (hypotension, issues with thermoreg)

problem with homeostatic functions
problems with memory

56
Q

loss of activating signals to my sympathic system/overactivation to parasym (hypotension, issues with thermoreg)

problem with homeostatic functions
problems with memory

assicatied with a lesion to which hypothalmic nuclei

57
Q

what cells detect light

A

retinal ganglion cells

58
Q

true or false: all neurons from optic system synapse in either the LGN or pretectal nuclei

A

false, some can also synapse in the suprachiasmic nucleus at optic chiasm

59
Q

where is the suprachiasmic nucleus located

A

at optic chiasm

60
Q

in the circadian cycle and light cycle, what happens at the optic chiasm

A

some neurons synapse in suprachiasm nucleus (decrease light, increase melatonine)

61
Q

according to the circcadian and light cycle, increase light leads to increased or decrease melatonin

62
Q

according to the circcadian and light cycle, decreased light leads to increased or decrease melatonin

63
Q

explain the circadian cycle light cycle if there is a decrease in ambient light

A

decrease in abient light

retinal ganglion cells not as active in sensding info to the synapse with suprachiasmic nucelus

less signalling and activation from SCN to PVN (due to decreased light) therefore there is less inhibition on the PVN nucleus

PVN is disinhibited so it will send excitatory signals to intermediolateral cells in lateral hotns (symapthic NS)

preganglionic sympa neurons synapse with post ganglionic sympa neurons in superior cervical ganglion

project to pineal gland (icnrease in melatonin production)

64
Q

explain the circadian cycle light cycle if there is an icrease in ambient light

A

increase in abient light

retinal ganglion cells active in sensding info to the synapse with suprachiasmic nucelus

more signalling and activation from SCN to PVN (due to increase light) therefore there is inhibition to the PVN nucleus

PVN is inhibited so it will send LESS excitatory signals to intermediolateral cells in lateral hotns (symapthic NS)

preganglionic sympa neurons synapse with post ganglionic sympa neurons in superior cervical ganglion

project to pineal gland (decrease in melatonin production)

65
Q

true or false, the PVN is an inhibitor of the SCN

A

false, other way around

66
Q

when inhibition of PVN is reduced, does that mean it is getting increased or decreased signalling from SCN)

A

decreased signalling from SCN *due to decrease light)

67
Q

when inhibition of PVN is reduced, (decreased signalling from SCN), PVN sends excitatory signals to where

A

intermediolateral cells in lateral horns (sympathic ns)

68
Q

in the circadian cycle and light, where does preganglioninc sympa neurons synapse with post ganglionc sympa neurons

A

superior cervical ganglion

69
Q

in the circadian cycle and light, preganglioninc sympa neurons synapse with post ganglionc sympa neurons in superior cervical ganglion, and then synapse wehre

A

pineal gland

70
Q

does the pineal gland produce melatonine

71
Q

what is function of the epithalamuc

A

regulation of circadian ryhtms, motor systems and monoamine pathways

72
Q

regulation of circadian ryhtms, motor systems and monoamine pathways

is associated with part of the diencepthalon

A

epithalamus

73
Q

what structure of the epithalamus is involved in the circadian rhytms

A

pineal gland

74
Q

what part of the epithalamus is invovled in eye motor system

A

posterior comissure

75
Q

a Y-shaped lamina in the thalamus divides it into what nuclear groups

A

anterior, lateral (ventrolateral), medial
dorsal
intralamina

76
Q

what are the nuclei in the dorsal aspect of the thalamus

A

pulvinar, LGN and MGN

77
Q

intralaminar nuclei are assocatied with what

A

conciousness (ARAS)

78
Q

be able to located the different divions of the thalamus

79
Q

ventrolateral nuclei connect with what what areas (3)

A

connect with motor, sensory, assocaition areas

80
Q

connect with motor, sensory, assocaition areas
is assocated with what general nuceli of thalamais

A

ventrolateral

81
Q

the ventral anterior nuclei connects with what cortex

A

premotor cortex

82
Q

the ventral lateral nuclei connects with what cortex

A

primary motor cortex

(important for basal nuclei and cerebrocerebellum and spinocerebellum)

83
Q

VA and VL tgt are project to which cortical areas and that is important for which pathways

A

primaru motor and premotro cortex
important for basal nuclei

84
Q

the ventral posterior nuclei connects with what cortex

A

primary somatosensory cortex

85
Q

the ventral posterior nuclei (medial and lateral) are asocateid with what pathways (motor or sensory)

A

sensory (DCML, STH, facial sensory info)

86
Q

the ventral lateral nuclei is invovled with what cerebellar pthways

A

cerebrocerebellum and spinocerebellum

87
Q

the ventral lateral dorsal and posterior nuclei connects with what cortex

A

parietal association

88
Q

with what structures does the medial nuclei of thalamus connect

A

connect with prefrontal cortex and limbic strucrures

89
Q

connect with prefrontal cortex and limbic strucrures

what thalamus nuclei

A

medial nuclei

90
Q

with what structures does the anterior nuclei of thalamus connect

A

relay input from limbic system to cingulate cortex

91
Q

relay input from limbic system to cingulate cortex

what thalamus neucli

A

anterior nuclei

92
Q

true or false: the pulvinar nuclei receives input from other thalamic nuelci

93
Q

where does the pulvinar nuclei connect

A

occiptital and parietal assocaition areas

94
Q

occiptital and parietal assocaition areas

assocatied with what thalamus nuclei

95
Q

be abel to draw the projections from the thaalmic nuclei

96
Q

what ist he general function of the intralaminar nuclei

A

connect brain entworks responsible for arousal, attention, working memory and gaze control

97
Q

connect brain entworks responsible for arousal, attention, working memory and gaze control

associated with what thalamic nuclei

A

intralaminar

98
Q

what is the general function of teh centromedian neucleus

A

vital for attention and conciousness
controls the levels of cortical activity within the ipsialteral hemisphere

99
Q

vital for attention and conciousness
controls the levels of cortical activity within the ipsialteral hemisphere

assocaited with =what thalamic nuclei

A

centromedian neuclus

100
Q

the centromedian nucleus v
controls the levels of cortical activity within the ipsialteral or contralteral hemisphere

A

ipsilateral

101
Q

true or false: general anesthetics suppress IL and CM nuclei

102
Q

a bilateral centromedian nucleus lesion leads to what

A

brain deth

103
Q

true or false, an ipsilatearl centromedian nucleus lesion leads to brain death

A

false, bilateral does

104
Q

what does a unilateral centromedian nucleus lesion lead to

A

thalamic neglect (loss of controlatearl motor and sensory processes, may also include diffuse cognitive deificits)

105
Q

what is the general definition of synesthesia

A

stimulation of a sensory/cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a secondary sensory/cognitvie pathway

106
Q

what are the 2 general theories behind synesthiasia

A

crosstalk/cross wirign between sensory areas
disinhibition of typical feedback pathways

107
Q

what are 4 types of synthesia

A

grapheme-colour
chromesthesia
lexical gustatory
ordinal linguistic personification

108
Q

what is grapheme colour syntethia

A

the involuntary association of colors with letters and numbers.

109
Q

the involuntary association of colors with letters and numbers.

what synesthesia

A

grapheme-colour

110
Q

what is chromesthesia

A

sound to colour (perceives sounds as dfferent colours)

111
Q

sound to colour (perceives sounds as dfferent colours)

what type of synthesisa

A

chromesthesia

112
Q

what is lexical gustatory synthetisia

A

taste things when hearing, speaking, reading, or thinking about words

113
Q

taste things when hearing, speaking, reading, or thinking about words

what type of syntesthia

A

lexical gustatory

114
Q

what is ordinal linguistic personificantion

A

associate personalitiyes to letters, words

115
Q

associate personalities to letters, words

what type of synetstia

A

ordinal linguistic personificaition

116
Q

what supplies tge thalamus

A

perforating feep branches of the posterior cerebral artery

117
Q

a lesion to what nuclei can lead to thalamic pain syndrome

A

ventral posterior (esp VPL)

118
Q

a lesion to ventral posterior (esp VPL) can lead to what condition

A

thalamic pain syndrome

119
Q

what are the 2 symptoms assocaited with thalamic pain syndrom

A

allodynia
dysestsia/parasehtia

120
Q

what is allodynia

A

neuropathic pain resulting from non painful stimulate (ex: ligth touch or cold temp)

121
Q

what is dysestiaai/parasehtia

A

abnormal sensation
ranges from mild tinging (paras) to sharp/painful and/or burning sensations (dys)

ANAT 323 (25 decks)

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