lecture 12: cerebellum Flashcards
which of these basal nuclei is th primary output nucleus i the motor pathways
a) thalamus
b)GPi
c) GPe
d) sub thalamic nuc
b) GPi
a 33 year old patient experienced a right sided icshcmic stroke to vasculature of the substantia niga
-what artery affected
posterior cerebral
what are some important structures of the posterior view of cerebellum
anterior cerebellar notch
posterior cerebellar notch
vermis
primary fissure
horizontal fissure
anterior cerebellar notch is near what aspect of the rbaisntem
pons
what is wider, the anterior or posterior cerebellar notch
sntrtiot
what are the folds of the cerebellum called
folia
what does the primary fissure divided
between the anterior and posterior lobes
what is the division within the posterior lobe called
horizontal fissure
be able to recognize anterior vs posturio lobe on the posterior aspect of the cerebellum
what is the middle bump of the cerebellum called
vermis
falx cerebelli is located in what notch
[psoterior cerebellar notch
what are some important srrcuture features of cerebellum on anterior side
vermis
floculus
tonsil
nodule (of vermis)
horizontal fissure (posteriolateeral fissure)
true or false: you can see the flocular lobe from the posterior side
false, anteriorr
what is the space under the cerebellar peduncles and above the nodule of verse called
4th ventricle
the horizontal fissure becomes what on the anterior side
posterolateral fissure
when the most inferior and anterior part of the vermis rounds out, what is it called
nodule (of vermis)
the flocculondular lobe involves what structures on the anterior side
2 flocculi and the nodule
what are the 3 lobes on the anterior cerebellar
anterior
psoterior
flocullonodullar lobe
be able to locate the lobes on the anterior cerebellum
the 3 cerebellar peduncles connected the cerebellum to what structure
brain stemp
superior cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to what
midbrain
middle cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to what
pons
infeerior cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to what
medulla
what are the 3 cerebellar artries of the vertebrobasilar system that supply blood to the cerebllum
superior cerebellar
anterior inferior cerebellar
posterior inferior cereberllar
what aspect does the superior cerebellar a supply
the entire superior aspects anterior and posteriors
what aspect does the posterior inferior cerebellar a supply
most inferior aspect with larger perfusion posteriorly
what aspect does the anterior inferior cerebellar a supply
middle section ops anterior surface (including cerebral peduncles and flocculi)
be able to understand/identidy blood supply regions of cerebellum
what are the 4 important output nuclei of the cerebellum
dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus
which of these is most lateral in the cerebellum
dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus
denticulate
which of these is most medial in the cerebellum
dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus
fastigial
order these from lateral to medial
dentate nucleus
fastigial nucleus
globose nucleus
emboli form nucleus
dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus
what is the mnenmoinic for output nuclei of the cerebellum
dont eat greasy food (lateral to medial)
(dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus)
what are the 2 interposed nuclei
emboliform nuc
globose niuc
what is the intracerebellar white matter called
arbor vitae
be able to locate the output nuclei of cerebellum on the cross section
what ventricle is ventral top the cerebellum
4th
most cerebellar input pathways involve what fibers
mossy fibers
how do mossy fibers communicate with purkinje fibers
indirectly via granule cells
true or false: mossy fibers community directly with purkinje fibers
false, indirectly via granule cells
where do purkinje fibers project
to deep cerebellar output nuclei
most cerebellar input pathways involves mossy fibers communicate info from where
cerebral cortex
spinal cord
vestibular nuclei
mossy fibres communicate indirectly with purkinje, which fibers community directly with them>
climbing fibers
true or false: climbing fibers communicate directly with purkinje cell dendrites in the molecular level
true
climbing fibers communicate directly with purkinje cell dendrites in the BLANK level
MOLECULAR
what are climbing fibers
they are terminal fibers of the spino-olivocerebellar pathways (signals from spinal cord via inferior olivary nuclei to the inferior cerebellar peduncle)
-comunicate directly with pukingke
what is the pruspoe of the functional systems of the cerebellum
influences motor systems by evaluating disparities between intention (motor output) and action (sensory feedback)
example how the cerebellum influences motor systems by evaluating disparities between intention (motor output) and action (sensory feedback)
it adjusts disparities by altering motor output of brainstem nucleus and motor cortex while a movement in in progress
how does cerebellum adjust disparties between intention and action
alter motor output of brainstem nuclei and motor cortex while a movement is in progress
lesions to the cerebellum result in contralateral or ipsilatel ataxia
iplateral
true or false: lesions to the cerebellum result in contralateral ataxia
false, ipsilateral
do the cerebellum and basal nuclei lesions result is the same side or opposite side deficits
opposite
cerebellum -ipsi
basal- contra
the cerebellum is fucntionnaly divided into how many systems
3
what are the 3 functional and phylogenetic systems of the cerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
spin-cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
spin-cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
which is the oldest
vestibulocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
spin-cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
which is the newest
cerebrocerebellum
true or false: the vestibulocerebllum is the only out of the 3 systems that involve 1 lobe
true (flocculate)
the vestibulocerellum system consists primary of what lobe
flocculonodular lobe
true or false: the vestibulocerellum system consists primary of the flocculonodular lobe
true
what is the phylogenetically oldest part of the cerebellum
vestibulocerebllum
what is the function of the the vestibulocerellum
stability, balance, posture, head and eye movements (stabilizing images on the retina)
stability, balance, posture, head and eye movements (stabilizing images on the retina)
what system
vestibulocerebellar
what is the cerebellar output nuclei of the vestibulocerebellum
fastigial nuclei
fastigial nuclei is associated with what system
vestibulocerebellum
alsothe spinocerebellar for info from trunk and head
what are the major associated structures of the vestibulocerebrellum system
1) vestibular nuclei (input from vestibular apparatus)
2) reticular formation
3) vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts)
what is the general pathway of the vestibulocerebellum system
1) vestibular apparatus (via CN 8)
2) ipsilateral vestibular nuclei (in midbrain rostrally)
3) inferior cerebellar peduncle
4) flocculonoldular lobe
5) fastigial nucleus
6) inferior cerebellar peduncle
7) bilateral vestibular nuclei and reticular formation (via fastigial-vestivular and fastigual-reticular fibers)
8) vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts
info enters vestibular apparatus via what cranial n
cranial n 8
which peduncle is associated with the vestibulocerebellar pathway
inferior cerebellar peduncle
what fossa does the cerebellum sit in
posterior cerebellum
what seperatures the cerebellum from cerebrum (Dural reflection)
tentorium cerebrullum)
what is function of folia of cerebellum
increase surface area
true or false, the deep cerebellar nuclei only get connections via the purkinje fibres
false, they get inhibitory connections via the purkinje
they get excitatory connections via the fibers direct. (mossy and climbing)
do the vestibellar, cerebrocerebellar and spinocereballr use mossy or climbing
mossy
vestibulocerebellar system gets information coming from where
inner eat
information coming from the vestibular apparatus is carried via what cranial n
cranial n VIII (8) = vestibular n
information coming from vestibular appareatus via CN8 synapses where in the VC pathway
in the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei
where is the vestibular nuclei located
in the medulla (rostral)
information coming from the is-lateral vestibular nuclei of the VC pathway enters the ipsialtereal cerebellum via what peduncle
inferior cerebellar peduncle
from ipsilateral vestibular nuclei in the medulla, wheredo the fibers go
1) to floculonodular node (via vestibulocerebellar fibers)
to get to fastigial nucleus
what is the deep cerebellar nucleus associated with the vestibulocerebllar pathways
fastigial
in VC pathway, information exists the cerebellum from fastigial nucleus through what peduncle
inferior cerebellar peduncle
in VC pathway, information exists the cerebellum from fastigial nucleus to the inferior peduncle via what two types of fibers
1) fastigial-vestivular fiebrs
2) fastigial-reticular fibers
what are the two locations that fibers go to after the fastigial nucleus
1) bilateral vestibular nuclei (via fastigial vestibular fibers)
2) bilateral reticular formation (via fastigia-reticular fibers)
in the VC pathway, after synapsing with the bilateral vestibular nuclei, where does the pathway go
go down via vestibulospinal tracts
in the VC pathway, after synapsing with the bilateral reticular nuclei, where does the pathway go
go down reticulospinal tracts
be able to redraw vestibulocereballar pathway
.
true or false: in the VC pathwayy the fastigual vebstivualr and reticular fibers go to bilateral strucures
true
true or false: i the VC pathway, information coming fro the vestibular apparatus goes to bilateral vestibular nucleis
false only to ipsilateral
the spinocerebellar pathways consists of what functional zonse
vermis (excluding nodule) and intermediate/paravermal zones
what is the phylogenetically second oldest part of the cerebeullum
spinocerebellum (evolved with quadrupedal movement)
what is the paleocerebellum
spinocerebellum
what is the function of the spinocerebeullar pathways
trunk and limb movements
involved in locomotion and maniniting muscle tone (proprioceptive patjhways)
what is the cerebellar output nuclei of the spinoccerebeullum
fastrigial nucleus (trunk)
globose and emboli form nuclei (limbs)
what are the other associated structures of the spinocerebellar pathway
spinocerebellar tracts/pathways
red nuclei
rubrospinal tract
thalamus (ventral lateral nucleu)
in the somatotropin organization of the spinocerebellum, what is the vermis associated w
centre of body (trunk, head, neck)
in the somatotropin organization of the spin-cerebellum, the centre of body (trunk, head, neck) is associated with what zone
vermis
in the somatotropin organization of the spin-cerebellum, the limbs are associated with what zone
paravermal zones
in the somatotropin organization of the spin-cerebellum, what is the paravermal zones associated with
limbs
what is the general pathway for the spinocerebeullum pathway
1) proprioceptors (spinocerebellar tracts)
2) inferior or superior cerebellar peduncle (depending on pathway)
**dorsal and cuneo=info
**rostral and ventral= sup
3) vernmis (head/trunk) and paravermis (limbs) = spinocerebellum
4) interposed and fastigual nuclei
5) superior cerebellar peduncle
6) contralateral red nucleus and thalamus (interpositorubrothalamic fibers)
7) rubrospinal tract and motor cortex
where does the information for the spinocerebellum come from
proprioceptors (spinocerebellar tracts)
how does information from proprioceptors enter the cerebellum for the SC pathway
inferior or superior cerebellar peduncle
the inferior cerebellar peduncle is associated with what spinocerebllar tracts
dorsal and cuneo
the superior cerebellar peduncle is associated with what spinocerebllar tracts
ventral and rostral
where do primary sensory neurons synapse in spinocerebellar pathway
either in nucleus dorsals, accessory nucleus cuenatus in medulla or in spinal border cells)
after synapsing with the nucleus dorsals, spinal border cells etc, information travels via secondary neurons that form what tracts in the SC pathway
spinocerebellar tracts
what are the two ways the spinocereballar tracts can enter the cerebellum
superior or inferior cerebellar peduncles
the spinocerebellar fibers (mossy) of the SC pathway can directly activate what nuclei
fastigial and interposed nuclei
the spinocerebellar fibers (mossy) of the SC pathway can indirectly inhibits the fastigial and interposed nuclei via what cells
granule and purkingje
the spinocereballr fibers that connect with purkinje fibers are located in what area of the cerebeullum
vermis (head and trunk) and paravermis (limbs) = in the spinocerebellum
fibers coming from the fastigial and interposed nuclei exit the cerebellum via what peduncle
superior cerebellar pentacle
fibers coming from the fastigial and interposed nuclei exit the cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle and go to two locations, what are they
1) contralateral red nucleus
2) contralateral thalamus (ventral lateral)
fibers coming from the fastigial and interposed nuclei exit the cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle and go to contralateral red nucleus and thalamus via what fibers
interpositorubrothalamic fibers
if the fibers coming from superior cerebellar peduncle in SC pathway go to the contralateral red nucleus, what tract does it go to
rubrospinal tract (ipsilateral to original cerebellum since they decussate)
if the fibers coming from superior cerebellar peduncle in SC pathway go to the contralateral thalamus, what tract does it go to
go to motor cortex via thalamocortical fibers
if the spinocerebellum synapses with the motor cortex via the thalamocortical fibers, does the info stop there
no , the corticospinal fibers will project it back down the spinal cord
be able to draw the spinocerebllar pathway
the cerebrocerebellum consists of what major areas/lobes
consists of lateral cerebellar hemispheres (primarly posterior lobe)
the cerebrocerebellum is primary in what lobe
posterior
what is the phylogenetically newest part of the cerebellum
cerebrocerebeullum (neocerebellum)
what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum
coordination of skilled, assymetri movements of the limbs (hand eye), speech, cognitive functions
what is the cerebellar output nuclei of the cerebrocerebeullum
dentate
what are the other associated structures of the cerebroserebrall pathway
cerebral cortex
deep pontin nuclei
thalamus (ventral lateral nucleus)
what is the general pathway of the cerebrocerebellum
1) cerebral cortex (esp motor)
2) ipsilateral deep pontine nuc (via corticopontine fibers)
3) decussate (via transverse pontocerebellar fibers)
4) middle cerebellar peduncle
5) lateral cerebellar hemi (cerebrocerebellum)
6) dentate nucleus
7) superior cerebellar peduncle
8) contralateral thalamus (VL) and red nucleus (dentotrubrothalamic fibers)
9) motor cortex and rubrospinal tract
where does information from the CC pathway come from
cerebral cortex (esp motor)
information from the motor cortex in the CC goes down to the deep ipsilateral pontine nuclei via what fibers)
corticopointine fibers
information from the deep ipsilateral pontine nuclei in the CC decussates to contralateral side via what fibers
transverse pontocerebellar fibers
what peduncle does info from the cerebrocerebellum enter (via transverse pontocerebellar fibres)
middle cerebellar peduncle
what is the only cerebellar pathway that uses the middle cerebellar peduncle
cerebrocerebellumi
info carried by transverse pontocerebellar fibers entering the middle cerebellar peduncles in the CC pathway can synapse directly with what deep cerebellar output nuclei
dentate
info carried by transverse pontocerebellar fibers entering the middle cerebellar peduncles in the CC pathway can synapse indirectly with dentate nuclei via what cells
purkinje and granule
where is the dentate nucleus located
lateral cerebellar hemispheres (cerebrocerebellim
information goes from the dentate nucleus exits the cerebellum via what pentacle
superior cerebellar peduncle
information goes from the dentate nucleus exits the cerebellum via what fibers
dentatorubrothalamic fibers
what are the two locations information can go to after synapsing with the dentate nucleus in the CC pathway
contralateral thalamic or red nuclei (via dentatorubrothalamic fibers)
what are the two final pathways/locations of the CC pathway
1) motor cortex
2) rubrospinal tract
information going from the thalamus to the cortex is carried by what fibers
thalamocortical fibers
information going from the red nucleus downwards is carried by what fibers
rubrospinal fibers
be able to draw the cerebrocerebellar pathways
what is the only cerebellar pathway with no connection to the cortex
vestibulocerebellar
disease or damage to the cerebellar affect what of voluntary movements
spatial accuracy and timing of voluntary movements =ipsialteral ataxia
cerebellar damage affects spatial accuracy and timing of BLANK
voluntary movements =ipsialteral ataxia
cerebellar lesions leads to ipsilateral or contralateral ataxia
ipsilateral
what are the range of symptoms for cerebellar lesions
dysmetria
dysdiadochokineasia
intention tremors
postrual/gait instability
nystagmus
hypotonia
dysarthria
explain dysmetria
wrong lennght
=miscalculation of trajectory to a target (under of overshooting)
wrong lennght
=miscalculation of trajectory to a target (under of overshooting)
what’s the nake
dysmetria
what is dysdiadochokinesia
difficulty performing repetitive movements
difficulty performing repetitive movements is called what
dysdiadochokinesia
what are intention tremors
involuntary, rhythmic contractions during purposeful movement
involuntary, rhythmic contractions during purposeful movement
is what
intention tremors
difficulty ttanding and or walking is called what
postural and gait instability
what is nystagmus
involuntary, rhythmic eye movements
involuntary, rhythmic eye movements is called what
nystagmus
what is hypotonia q
decreased muscle tone, resistance to passive movement
decreased muscle tone, resistance to passive movement is called what
hypotonia
what is dysarthria
uncoordinated speech
uncoordinated speech is called what
dysarthria
what is anterior lobe syndrome
gait ataxia due to inability to process proprioceptive infromnation from limbs
gait ataxia due to inability to process proprioceptive infromnation from limbs is associated with what syndrom
anterior lobe symrone
give an example of a transient anterior lobe syndomr
ethanol induced gait ataxia
=toxicity to purkinje fibers, especially in anterior lobe
what is flocculonodular lobe syndrome and midline cerebellar lesions
truncal ataxia due to instability of imbalance of axial musculature, swaying, wide based stance, nystagmus (vestibuloocoular pathways)
truncal ataxia due to instability of imbalance of axial musculature, swaying, wide based stance, nystagmus (vestibuloocoular pathways)
is what lesion/syndrom
flocculonodular lobe syndrome and midline cerebellar lesions
what is posterior lobe syndome or lesions to cerebrocerebellar
deficits in hand-eye coordination, dysmetria, diadiadochokineas, dysarthria, fine movemetns
deficits in hand-eye coordination, dysmetria, diadiadochokineas, dysarthria, fine movemetns is assocaited with what syndrome/lesion
posterior lobe syndrome or cerebrocerebllar pathways
what is an example of a posterior lobe syndrom
demyleinating disorders, midbrain infarcts
what cerebellar pathways use the ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus
cerebrocerebellar
spinocerebellar
what is the only cerebellar pathway that does not communicate with the thalamus
vestibulocerebellar
the cerebrocerebellar communicates with what two major nucleui
outside the crerebellum
thalamus (ventral lateral) and red nucleus
the spinocerebellar communicates with what two major nucleui
outside the cerebellum
thalamus (ventral lateral) and red nucleus)
the vestibulocerebellar pathways communicates with what two major nucleui
outsidethe crebellum
reticular formation and vestibular nuclei
information from inner ear goes to what pathway to enter cerebellum
vestibulocerebellum (via vestibular nuclei)
information from unconcious proprioception goes tot what pathway to enter the cerebellum
spinocerebellum
information from motor cortex goes to what pathway to enter cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
what are the two important nuclei of the thalamus for the basal nuclei pathway
ventral anterior and ventral lateral
what are the afferent fibers that form the superior cerebellar peduncles
ventralspinocerebellar fibers
rostral spinocerebellar fibers
what are the efferent fibers that form the superior cerebellar peduncles
interpositorubrothalamic fibers
dentatorubrothalamic fibers
what are the afferent fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncles
transverse pontocerebellar fibers
what are the efferent fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncles
none
true or false, the middle cerebellar peduncles are formed by both efferent and afferent tracts
false, no efferent onyl afferent
what are the afferent fibers that form the inferior cerebellar peduncles
dorsal spinocerebellar fibers
cuneospinocerebellar fibers
vestibulocerebellar fibers
olivocerebellar fibers
what are the efferent fibers that form the inferior cerebellar peduncles
fastrigial-vestibualr fibers
fastigual-reticular fibers
