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ANAT 323 > lecture 21: reticular formation > Flashcards

lecture 21: reticular formation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

diffuse network of nuclei scattered throughout the core of the brainstem (tegmenjtum)

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2
Q

give some general functions of the processes reticular formation helps in

A

coordination of cranial n function
control of skeletal muscles
control of sensation(somatic and visceral)
control of autonomic nervous and endocrine systems
influence biological clocks
modulation of diffuse brain systems
control of arousal and consciousness

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3
Q

the reticular formation is continuous with what superiorly

A

diencephalic nuclei

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4
Q

the reticular formation is continuous with what inferiorly

A

intermediate zone in spinal cord

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5
Q

where is the rostral reticular formation

A

midbrain and rostral pons

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6
Q

where is the caidal reticular formation

A

caudal pons and medulla

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7
Q

what is the general function of the rostral reticular formation

A

forebrain activity : consciousness (attention, arousal)

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8
Q

what is the general function of the caudal reticular formation

A

premotor coordination, reflex and autonomic functions give

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9
Q

give 3 examples of nuclei in the reticular formation

A

raphe nuclei
locus correolus
pneumotaxix region

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10
Q

what is the function of the pneumotaxic region

A

control or rate and pattern of breathing

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11
Q

what are the 3 longitudinal columns of reticular formation

A

median column
medial coloumn
lateral coloum

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12
Q

what is the nuclei that makes up the midline of the reticular formation

A

raphe nuclei

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13
Q

intermediate sized neurons are in what coloum

A

median column

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14
Q

raphe nuclei is associated with internmiedate, small or large neurosn

A

intermediate

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15
Q

the neurons of the median column are primarily what type

A

serotonergic

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16
Q

The raphe nuclei (median column) are the place of synthesis of the neurotransmitter BLANK

A

serotonin

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17
Q

WHICH column gives rise to most ascending and descending projections assocaited with the reticular formation

A

medial coloumn

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18
Q

pain modulation is found in what aspect of the reticular formation

A

raphia neclei (median columN)

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19
Q

true or false: the lateral column gives rise to most ascending and descending projections assocaited with the reticular formation

A

false, medial column

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20
Q

which column is involved in motor coordination

A

medial

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21
Q

the vestibulocerebrum pathway projections are found in what longitudinal revision of the reticular formation

A

medial column

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22
Q

medial column reticular formation general fucntion

A

motor coordination

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23
Q

what are the types of neurons in medial column (size)

A

large neurons (magnocellular)

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24
Q

true or false: neurons assocaited with medial column are large neurons (magnocellular)

A

true

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25
Q

what is the smallest longitudinal division of the reticular formation

A

lateral column

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26
Q

the lateral column of the reticular formation extension from where to where

A

mid pons to medulla

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27
Q

what is main function of the lateral column of reticular formation

A

involved in organization of cranial n activity, reflexes and visceral functions

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28
Q

true or false: the medial column is involved in organization of cranial n activity, reflexes and visceral functions

A

false the lateral column is

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29
Q

what are the types of neurons in lateral column (size)

A

small neurons (parvocellular)

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30
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the reticular formation in the midbrain

A

eye movements (vertical gaze coordination)
conciousness (ARAS)

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31
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the reticular formation in the pons

A

eye movements (ie: horizontal gaze coordination)
consciousness (ARAS)
autonomic regulation

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32
Q

vertical gaze coordination is in what reticular formation area of the brainstem

A

midbrain

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33
Q

horizontal gaze coordination is in what reticular formation area of the brainstem

A

pons

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34
Q

what does ARAS stand for

A

ascending reticular activating system

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35
Q

what is the ARAS

A

neurons in the upper brainstem reticular formation (midbrain and pons) project to forebrain targets and thalamus to maintain concious brain functions and wakefulness.

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36
Q

neurons in the upper brainstem reticular formation (midbrain and pons) project to forebrain targets and thalamus to maintain concious brain functions and wakefulness.

describes what system

A

ARAS

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37
Q

consciousness is maintained by what system

A

ARAS

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38
Q

give some examples of reticular formation areas/nuclei involved in autonomic regulation

A

pontine mictrution and storage cetners
cardioaccereltory and inhibitory centers

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39
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the reticular formation in the medulla

A

cranial n reflexes (eg gag reflex)
respiration and circulation
pain modulation
autonomic regulation

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40
Q

cranial n reflexes (eg gag reflex)
respiration and circulation
pain modulation
autonomic regulation

reticular formation in what area

A

medulla

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41
Q

eye movements (ie: horizontal gaze coordination)
consciousness (ARAS)
autonomic regulation

reticular formation in what area

A

pons

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42
Q

eye movements (vertical gaze coordination)
conciousness (ARAS)

reticular formation in what are

A

midbrain

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43
Q

true or false: conciousness depends on collaborative activity between the reticular formation, thalamus (intralaminar nuclei) and cortex

A

true

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44
Q

conciousness depends on collaborative activity between the reticular formation and BLANK (2 structures)

A

thalamus (intralaminar nuclei) and cortex

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45
Q

the brainstem components of the CONCIOUSNESS network in reticular formation is called what

A

ascending reticular acivtiating system

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46
Q

true or false: only one nucleus in the RF contributes to the ARAS

A

false, multiple

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47
Q

the numerous nuclei in the RF that contribute to the ARAS funnel rostrally or caudally to midbrain

A

rostrally

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48
Q

the numerous nuclei in the RF that contribute to the ARAS funnel rostrally TO BLANK

A

midbrain

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49
Q

wha tis general definition of conciousness

A

sentience and awareness of internal and external self and environment

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50
Q

what are the 2 general pathways of the ARAS

A

dorsal and ventral route

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51
Q

the dorsal route of the ARAS has projections to where

A

thalamus (intralaminar nucleu)

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52
Q

the ventral route of the ARAS has projections to where

A

hypothalamus and forebrain

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53
Q

ARAS projections to thalamus (intralaminar nuclei) is dorsal or ventral route

A

dorsal

54
Q

ARAS projections to hypothalamus and basal forebrain is dorsal or ventral route

A

ventral

55
Q

will a lesion to the rostral midbrain and potentially thalamus lead disrupt conciousness

A

yes, coma Since you are affected ARAS

56
Q

will a lesion to the pons typically lead disrupt conciousness

A

no false it usually won’t affect ARAS

57
Q

what separates the thalamus into medial and lateral

A

internal medullar lamina

58
Q

where is the intralaminal nuclei of thalamus

A

within the white matter lamina that separates the medial and lateral groups of thalamic nuclei

59
Q

what thalamic nuclei is involved in conciousness

A

intralaminar nuclei

60
Q

the intralaminar nuclei receives input from ventral or dorsal route of ARAS

A

dorsal

61
Q

true or false: the intralaminar nuclei receives input from dorsal route of ARAS

A

true

62
Q

true or false: respiratory rate and pattern are mainly controlled by circuits in the pons and medulla

A

true

63
Q

respiratory rate and pattern are mainly controlled by circuits in the BLANK and medulla

A

pons

64
Q

true or false: respiratory rate and pattern are mainly controlled by forebrain

A

false, pons and medulla circuits

65
Q

true or false: voluntary control of respiration (eg: holding breath) in pons and medulla

A

false, forebrain

66
Q

where is voluntary control of respiration (eg: holding breath) controlled

A

in forebrain

67
Q

what is an important nucleus involves in respiration of RF

A

caudal nucleus solitarius

68
Q

explain why caudal nucleus solitarius is involved in respiration of RF

A

it receives visceral sensory input (chemoreceptors and mechanorecepts)

69
Q

bilateral lesions to respiratory centers produce what type of deficits

A

altered respiration rhythms

70
Q

a bilateral lesion to midbrain will cause what type of breathing issue

A

central neurogenic hyperventilation

71
Q

eupnea is good or bad respiration

A

good

72
Q

dyspnea is good or bad respiration

A

problem with breathing

73
Q

the sleep wake cycle is actively controlled by what

A

RF and hypothalamus

74
Q

sleep wake cycle is actively induced by what

A

CNS structures

75
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the sleep wake cycle

A

wakefullness
non rem sleep
rem sleep

76
Q

why type of neurons in hypothalamus stimulate nuclei of diffuse brain stems and ARAS (wakefulness)

A

orexin

77
Q

orexin neurons in hypothalamus stimuluate nuclei of diffuse brain stems and what other structures

A

ARAS (wakefulness)

78
Q

orexin neurons in hypothalamus STIMULATE OR INHIBIT nuclei of diffuse brain stems and ARAS ()

A

stimulate

79
Q

degeneration of orexin =neurons can lead to what

A

narcolepsy

80
Q

cause of narcolepsy

A

degeneration of orexin neurons

81
Q

orexin neurons are mainly located in what brain region

A

midbrain

82
Q

wakefulness is stimulated by what neurons

A

orexin

83
Q

what type of neurons inhibit diffuse brain systems to cause non rem sleep

A

pre optic nuclei and medullary reticular formation

84
Q

true or false: pre optic nuclei are associated with wakefullness

A

false, non rem sleep

85
Q

where are pre optic nuclei located

A

hypothalamus

86
Q

pre optic nuclei and medullary reticular formation inhibit or stimulate diffuse brain systems

A

inhibit

87
Q

degeneration of pre optic nuclei or medullary reticular formation can lead to what

A

insomnia

88
Q

orexin nuclei associated with rem sleep

A

false, wakefulness

89
Q

insomnia is associated with degenerations to structures in what type of sleep

A

non rem sleep

90
Q

rem sleep is initiated by neurons located where

A

pontine reticular formation

91
Q

BLANK sleep initiated by neurons located in pontine reticular formation

A

rem sleep

92
Q

rem sleep is initiated by neurons located in pontine reticular formation by what mechanism/how

A

activate thalamus, cholinergic system and eye movement systems
inhibit decending motor pathways (no muscle tone)

93
Q

explain how in rem sleep your brain is awake but body is asleep

A

activated thalamus, cholinergic system and eye movement systems

inhibited decending motor pathways (no muscle tone)

94
Q

brainstem nuclei (including FR nuclei) and basal forebrain nuclei give rise to diffuse modulatory projections that stimulate BLANK activity

A

thalamocortical

95
Q

brainstem nuclei (including FR nuclei) and basal forebrain nuclei give rise to diffuse modulatory projections stimulate thalamuocrotical activity HOW

A

primarily secrete excitatory NTs (ACH, serotonin, NE) that regulate consciousness, attention, sleep wake cycle, other cognitive function

96
Q

what are the three common features of the diffuse modulating systems that stimulate thalamocortical activity

A

1) small number of neurons
2) neurons have long axons with numerous branches (influencing more than 10000 post synaptic neurons)
3) neurons release NTs into extracellular space where they can act on numerous other neurons

97
Q

serotonergic system works with what other NT to regulate cortical activity (arousal) and mood

A

norepinephrin

98
Q

serotonergic system works with norepinephrin to regulate what

A

cortical activity (arousal) and mood

99
Q

serotonin system arises from where

A

raphia nuclei (median column of RF)

100
Q

true or false: serotonin systems arise from raphia nuclei (median column of RF)

A

true

101
Q

true or false: serotonin systems have projections throughout CNS 1

A

true

102
Q

true or false: serotonin systems regular sleep

A

false, arousal and mood

103
Q

serotonin depletion is often associated with what

A

onset of depression

104
Q

what is function of SSRIS

A

help maintain or increases serotonin levels

105
Q

NE along with what other NT regulates arousal and mood

A

serotonin

106
Q

true or false: noadrenergic systems arise from raphe nuclei in median RF

A

false, from locus corrleousw

107
Q

where do noadrenergic systems arise from

A

false, from locus corrleous

108
Q

what is function of norepinephrinc

A

increases brain responsiveness and speeds up information processing (essential for learning)

alsohelps seratonine for arousal and mood

109
Q

increases brain responsiveness and speeds up information processing (essential for learning)

what NT

A

norepinephrin

110
Q

low NE levels are correlated with what

A

depression

111
Q

what are other examples of antidepressants that affect NE

A

monoamine oxidizes, tricyclic compounds

112
Q

what can be treated with noreadreergic medications

A

narcolepsy

113
Q

true or false: insomnia can be treated with noreadreergic medications

A

false, narcolepsy

114
Q

BLANK system is involved in cognitive function, arousal, learning and memory

A

cholinergic

115
Q

cholinergy system is involved in what functions

A

cognitive function, arousal, learning and memory

116
Q

cognitive function, arousal, learning and memory

what NT

A

acetylcholine

117
Q

what are the cholinergic systems located

A

pontomesencephalotegmental complex (PMTC) in brainstem and basal forebrain complex

118
Q

pontomesencephalotegmental complex (PMTC) in brainstem and basal forebrain complex

what system

A

cholinergic system

119
Q

which system has most extensive projections to limbic system (hypo campus)

A

acetylcholine

120
Q

how are cholinergic system essential for learning

A

extensive projections to limbic system (hypo campus)

121
Q

true or false, there are no connections between PMTC and ARAS

A

false there are
the projections are critical for arousal

122
Q

degeneration of cholinergic system is associated with what

A

alzeihmenrs disease

123
Q

alzeihmenrs disease is associated with degeneration to what system

A

cholinergic

124
Q

BLANK system is involved in voluntary movement, emotion, and reward/pleasure

A

dopaminergic system

125
Q

dopaminergic system is involved in what functions

A

voluntary movement, emotion, and reward/pleasure

126
Q

true or false: ACH is involved in voluntary movement, emotion, and reward/pleasure

A

false, dopaminegeric

127
Q

where do dopaminergic neurons arise

A

in substantia nigra (mdibrain) project to striate to control movement

arising in VTA which project to limbic and cortical areas

128
Q

degeneration of the dopinergic system is linked with what

A

parkinsons

129
Q

neurons arrise in substantia nigra (mdibrain) project to striate to control movement is assocaited with what system

A

dopaminergic

130
Q

ventral tegmental area is assocaited with what systemn

A

dopaminergic system

131
Q

neurons arising in ventral segmental area (midbrain) which project to limbic and cortical areas are involved in what

A

reward and pleasure (important for determinants of behaviour)

132
Q

what mimics dopamine

A

narcotic (implications for addiction)

ANAT 323 (25 decks)

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