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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 22: Blood and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Lecture 22: Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Three functions of whole blood

A
  1. Transport
  2. Temperature regulation
  3. Water balance
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2
Q

Whole blood is what percent total body weight

A

5-10%

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3
Q

Whole blood is comprised of

A

60% of plasma (water, solutes)

40% formed elements (RBC, WBC, PLT)

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4
Q

Plasma composition

A

90% water
8% proteins
2% other solutes

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5
Q

Plasma is found.., unlike serum

A

in vasculature

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6
Q

Serum lacks…, unlike plasma

A

coagulation proteins (fibrinogen)

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7
Q

Plasma tubes

A

anticoagulant tubes - blood does not clot

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8
Q

Serum tubes

A

serum separators - blood is allowed to clot

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9
Q

Examples of plasma tubes

A

EDTA - purple
Heparin - green
Citrate - blue

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10
Q

Examples of serum tubes

A

Red top

Marble top

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11
Q

Daily output of RBC

A

2.5 billion

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12
Q

Daily output of WBC

A

1.0 billion

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13
Q

Daily output of PLT

A

2.5 billion

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14
Q

Most numerous formed element in blood

A

RBC (measured in millions, versus WBC and PLT measured in thousands)

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15
Q

Two functions of RBC

A
  • Carry O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs

- Involved in acid-base homeostasis

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16
Q

Shape of erthrocytes

A
  • Biconcave disc
  • Flexible membrane
  • High SA-V ration
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17
Q

Mean cell volume is measured in

A

femtoliters (fL)

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18
Q

Lifespan of RBC is roughly proportional to

A

body size

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19
Q

Polychromatophils

A
  • RBCs that are 1 stage back in development
  • Normal finding in low numbers in some species
  • Larger than mature RBC, smaller than neutrophil
  • Round to amorphous
  • Amphophilic color
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20
Q

Nucleated erythrocytes in mammals

A
  • Abnormal finding associated with pathology

- Ex: Regenerative anemia, bone marrow damage, diseases affecting RBC maturation, damage to spleen/asplenia, some toxins

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21
Q

Least numerous formed element in the blood

A

Leukocytes

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22
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

Inflammation and the immune response

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23
Q

Two major categories of leukocytes based on developmental process

A
  1. Myeloid

2. Lymphoid

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24
Q

Four myeloid leukocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
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25
Q

Lymphoid leukocytes

A

lymphocytes

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26
Q

Most numerous WBC

A

neutrophil

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27
Q

Function of neutrophils

A
  • Innate immunity
  • Phagocytic and killing cells
  • Granules contain antibacterial substances
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28
Q

Neutrophil staining

A
  • Nucleus: segmented with dense violet chromatin

- Cytoplasm: pale-staining, neutral

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29
Q

Heterophil staining

A
  • Nucleus: segmented with dense violet chromatin

- Cytoplasm: red, rice-shaped granules

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30
Q

Band neutrophils

A
  • Rare bands are normal blood smear findings in some species

- One stage less than mature segmented neutrophil

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31
Q

Band neutrophil staining

A

-Nucleus lacks clear segmentation and the irregular outline seen in mature neutrophil

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32
Q

Monocytes differentiate into

A

macrophages in tissue

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33
Q

Functions of monocytes

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes
  • Iron storage and recycling
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34
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytic System (MPS) is comprised of

A
  1. Circulating monocytes

2. Tissue macrophages

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35
Q

Where is the MPS located

A
  • Serosal cavities
  • Liver: Kupffer cells
  • Spleen
  • Lungs (aalveolar macrophages)
  • Brain (microglial cells)
  • Bone (osteoclasts)
36
Q

Monocyte size

A

Typically large cells, usually the largest in the blood smear

37
Q

Nucleus of monocyte

A
  • Shape ranges from round to kidney-shaped to band-shaped to psuedosegmented
  • Chromatin is lacy/loosely clumped and magenta
38
Q

Cytoplasm of monocyte

A

Abundant, blue, frequently vacuolated

39
Q

____ eosinophils in tissue for each one in blood

A

300

40
Q

Purpose of eosinophils

A

Modulate delayed and immediate typer hypersensitivity reactions

41
Q

Eosinophils are attracted by

A

histamine

42
Q

Eosinophils are commonly associated with

A

mast cells

43
Q

Eosinophils are a defense against

A

helminthic parasites

44
Q

Morphology of eosinophils

A
  • Contain eosinophilic granules
  • Bright reddish-orange, sometimes refractile
  • Contain many arginine-rich proteins (anti-parasitic and anti-bacterial)
45
Q

Nucleus of eosinophils

A

Segmented with clumped chromatin, similar to a neutrophil

46
Q

Cytoplasm of eosinophils

A

Usually stains pale, contains eosinophilic granules

47
Q

Least numerous WBC in blood

A

Basophils

48
Q

Increased concentration of basophils are often associated with

A

parasitic infestations and allergic reactions

heartworm disease

49
Q

Morphology of basophils

A
  • Generally slightly larger than a neutrophil

- Basophilis granules contain histamine and many other proteins

50
Q

Nucleus of basophils

A

Elongated and ribbon-like, segmented

51
Q

Cytoplasm of basophils

A

Abundant amphophilic cytoplasm with purple granules

52
Q

Second most numerous cell population in blood

A

Lymphocytes

53
Q

Percentage of lymphocytes

A

20-40%

54
Q

Lymphocytes are found

A

In blood, lymphatic circulation, lymphatic tissue

55
Q

Purpose of lymphocytes

A

Humoral immunity: B cells, plasma cells

Cell-mediated immunity: T cells

56
Q

Nucleus vs cytoplasm in lymphocyte

A

High N:C ratio, mostly nucleus

57
Q

“Reactive” lymphocytes are associated with

A

An immune response

58
Q

Plasma cells are..

Are they seen in normal blood smears?

A
  • Fully differentiated B-cells

- Not normally seen in blood smears

59
Q

Second most numerous formed element in the blood

A

Platelets/thrombocytes

60
Q

Function of PLT

A
  • Primary hemostasis (clotting)

- Role in primary inflammatory response

61
Q

Do PLT have a nucleus?

A

Nope

62
Q

“Activated” spread pseudopodia (star-shaped) occurs in the platelets of what species?

A

Feline

63
Q

Three types of Romanowsky’s stains

A
  1. Wright’s
  2. Wright’s Giemsa
  3. May-Grimwald
64
Q

Romanowsky Stains are able to differentiate between

A

Blood cells (RBC, WBC, PLT)

65
Q

Two standard dyes used in combo in Wright’s Stain

A
  • Eosin

- Methylene blue

66
Q

Wright’s stain in vet med

A

Diff-Quik

Quick-Dip

67
Q

Three dyes used in Wright’s-Giemsa stain

A
  • Eosin
  • Methylene blue
  • Azure B
68
Q

May-Grimwald

A

More intense coloration

69
Q

New methylene blue is attracted to

A

Acidic/negatively charged proteins, DNA, RNA

70
Q

Bone marrow is derived from

A

mesenchymal tissue

71
Q

Red marrow purpose

A
  • Produces all blood cells (hematopoietic tissue)

- Stores iron

72
Q

Yellow marrow

A
  • Fatty tissue that replaces red marrow

- Aging change

73
Q

Bone marrow is high or low cellular tissue

A

high

74
Q

The complex microenvironment of bone marrow supports the growth of

A

Hematopoietic cells

75
Q

4 components of bone marrow

A
  • Sinusoids
  • Stromal cells
  • Stem cells and precursor cells
  • Macrophages
76
Q

Sinusoids in bone marrow

A
  • Large lumen

- Formed by discontinuous endothelial cells

77
Q

Stroma

A

A CT network

78
Q

Purpose of stroma in bone marrow

A

support structure of bone marrow

79
Q

Stroma is composed of

A
  • Mesenchymal cells
  • Reticular cells
  • Reticular fibers
80
Q

Cells that live in bone marrow

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cells

- Stem cells of each lineage

81
Q

Purpose of bone marrow macrophages

A
  • Store iron
  • Involved in moderating hematopoiesis
  • Regulates bone formation
82
Q

Bone marrow cellularity varies with

A

age

83
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process were specialized cellular precursors develop into highly differentiated cells of peripheral blood

84
Q

Postnatal sites of hematopoiesis

A
  1. Bone marrow
    - Proximal end of femur and humerus
    - Pelvis
    - Sternum
    - Ribs
    - Vertebrae
    - Scapula
    - Skull
  2. Liver
  3. Spleen
85
Q

Where does granulopoiesis occur

A

bone marrow

86
Q

Granulopoiesis is regulated by

A

Colon stimulating factors and inflammatory cytokines

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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