Lecture 22: Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards
1
Q
Three functions of whole blood
A
- Transport
- Temperature regulation
- Water balance
2
Q
Whole blood is what percent total body weight
A
5-10%
3
Q
Whole blood is comprised of
A
60% of plasma (water, solutes)
40% formed elements (RBC, WBC, PLT)
4
Q
Plasma composition
A
90% water
8% proteins
2% other solutes
5
Q
Plasma is found.., unlike serum
A
in vasculature
6
Q
Serum lacks…, unlike plasma
A
coagulation proteins (fibrinogen)
7
Q
Plasma tubes
A
anticoagulant tubes - blood does not clot
8
Q
Serum tubes
A
serum separators - blood is allowed to clot
9
Q
Examples of plasma tubes
A
EDTA - purple
Heparin - green
Citrate - blue
10
Q
Examples of serum tubes
A
Red top
Marble top
11
Q
Daily output of RBC
A
2.5 billion
12
Q
Daily output of WBC
A
1.0 billion
13
Q
Daily output of PLT
A
2.5 billion
14
Q
Most numerous formed element in blood
A
RBC (measured in millions, versus WBC and PLT measured in thousands)
15
Q
Two functions of RBC
A
- Carry O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs
- Involved in acid-base homeostasis
16
Q
Shape of erthrocytes
A
- Biconcave disc
- Flexible membrane
- High SA-V ration
17
Q
Mean cell volume is measured in
A
femtoliters (fL)
18
Q
Lifespan of RBC is roughly proportional to
A
body size
19
Q
Polychromatophils
A
- RBCs that are 1 stage back in development
- Normal finding in low numbers in some species
- Larger than mature RBC, smaller than neutrophil
- Round to amorphous
- Amphophilic color
20
Q
Nucleated erythrocytes in mammals
A
- Abnormal finding associated with pathology
- Ex: Regenerative anemia, bone marrow damage, diseases affecting RBC maturation, damage to spleen/asplenia, some toxins
21
Q
Least numerous formed element in the blood
A
Leukocytes
22
Q
Function of leukocytes
A
Inflammation and the immune response
23
Q
Two major categories of leukocytes based on developmental process
A
- Myeloid
2. Lymphoid
24
Q
Four myeloid leukocytes
A
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
25
Lymphoid leukocytes
lymphocytes
26
Most numerous WBC
neutrophil
27
Function of neutrophils
- Innate immunity
- Phagocytic and killing cells
- Granules contain antibacterial substances
28
Neutrophil staining
- Nucleus: segmented with dense violet chromatin
| - Cytoplasm: pale-staining, neutral
29
Heterophil staining
- Nucleus: segmented with dense violet chromatin
| - Cytoplasm: red, rice-shaped granules
30
Band neutrophils
- Rare bands are normal blood smear findings in some species
| - One stage less than mature segmented neutrophil
31
Band neutrophil staining
-Nucleus lacks clear segmentation and the irregular outline seen in mature neutrophil
32
Monocytes differentiate into
macrophages in tissue
33
Functions of monocytes
- Phagocytosis
- Antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes
- Iron storage and recycling
34
Mononuclear Phagocytic System (MPS) is comprised of
1. Circulating monocytes
| 2. Tissue macrophages
35
Where is the MPS located
- Serosal cavities
- Liver: Kupffer cells
- Spleen
- Lungs (aalveolar macrophages)
- Brain (microglial cells)
- Bone (osteoclasts)
36
Monocyte size
Typically large cells, usually the largest in the blood smear
37
Nucleus of monocyte
- Shape ranges from round to kidney-shaped to band-shaped to psuedosegmented
- Chromatin is lacy/loosely clumped and magenta
38
Cytoplasm of monocyte
Abundant, blue, frequently vacuolated
39
____ eosinophils in tissue for each one in blood
300
40
Purpose of eosinophils
Modulate delayed and immediate typer hypersensitivity reactions
41
Eosinophils are attracted by
histamine
42
Eosinophils are commonly associated with
mast cells
43
Eosinophils are a defense against
helminthic parasites
44
Morphology of eosinophils
- Contain eosinophilic granules
- Bright reddish-orange, sometimes refractile
- Contain many arginine-rich proteins (anti-parasitic and anti-bacterial)
45
Nucleus of eosinophils
Segmented with clumped chromatin, similar to a neutrophil
46
Cytoplasm of eosinophils
Usually stains pale, contains eosinophilic granules
47
Least numerous WBC in blood
Basophils
48
Increased concentration of basophils are often associated with
parasitic infestations and allergic reactions
| heartworm disease
49
Morphology of basophils
- Generally slightly larger than a neutrophil
| - Basophilis granules contain histamine and many other proteins
50
Nucleus of basophils
Elongated and ribbon-like, segmented
51
Cytoplasm of basophils
Abundant amphophilic cytoplasm with purple granules
52
Second most numerous cell population in blood
Lymphocytes
53
Percentage of lymphocytes
20-40%
54
Lymphocytes are found
In blood, lymphatic circulation, lymphatic tissue
55
Purpose of lymphocytes
Humoral immunity: B cells, plasma cells
| Cell-mediated immunity: T cells
56
Nucleus vs cytoplasm in lymphocyte
High N:C ratio, mostly nucleus
57
"Reactive" lymphocytes are associated with
An immune response
58
Plasma cells are..
| Are they seen in normal blood smears?
- Fully differentiated B-cells
| - Not normally seen in blood smears
59
Second most numerous formed element in the blood
Platelets/thrombocytes
60
Function of PLT
- Primary hemostasis (clotting)
| - Role in primary inflammatory response
61
Do PLT have a nucleus?
Nope
62
"Activated" spread pseudopodia (star-shaped) occurs in the platelets of what species?
Feline
63
Three types of Romanowsky's stains
1. Wright's
2. Wright's Giemsa
3. May-Grimwald
64
Romanowsky Stains are able to differentiate between
Blood cells (RBC, WBC, PLT)
65
Two standard dyes used in combo in Wright's Stain
- Eosin
| - Methylene blue
66
Wright's stain in vet med
Diff-Quik
| Quick-Dip
67
Three dyes used in Wright's-Giemsa stain
- Eosin
- Methylene blue
- Azure B
68
May-Grimwald
More intense coloration
69
New methylene blue is attracted to
Acidic/negatively charged proteins, DNA, RNA
70
Bone marrow is derived from
mesenchymal tissue
71
Red marrow purpose
- Produces all blood cells (hematopoietic tissue)
| - Stores iron
72
Yellow marrow
- Fatty tissue that replaces red marrow
| - Aging change
73
Bone marrow is high or low cellular tissue
high
74
The complex microenvironment of bone marrow supports the growth of
Hematopoietic cells
75
4 components of bone marrow
- Sinusoids
- Stromal cells
- Stem cells and precursor cells
- Macrophages
76
Sinusoids in bone marrow
- Large lumen
| - Formed by discontinuous endothelial cells
77
Stroma
A CT network
78
Purpose of stroma in bone marrow
support structure of bone marrow
79
Stroma is composed of
- Mesenchymal cells
- Reticular cells
- Reticular fibers
80
Cells that live in bone marrow
- Hematopoietic stem cells
| - Stem cells of each lineage
81
Purpose of bone marrow macrophages
- Store iron
- Involved in moderating hematopoiesis
- Regulates bone formation
82
Bone marrow cellularity varies with
age
83
Hematopoiesis
Process were specialized cellular precursors develop into highly differentiated cells of peripheral blood
84
Postnatal sites of hematopoiesis
1. Bone marrow
- Proximal end of femur and humerus
- Pelvis
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Vertebrae
- Scapula
- Skull
2. Liver
3. Spleen
85
Where does granulopoiesis occur
bone marrow
86
Granulopoiesis is regulated by
Colon stimulating factors and inflammatory cytokines
