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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 17: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Does endocrine system have ducts?

A

Nope

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2
Q

5 primary organs of the endocrine system

A
  1. Pituitary gland, hypophysis cerebri
  2. Pineal gland, epiphysis cerebri
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. Parathyroid gland
  5. Adrenal gland
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3
Q

10 secondary organs of the endocrine system

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Testes
  3. Ovaries
  4. Kidneys
  5. Stomach
  6. Intestines
  7. Thymus
  8. Heart
  9. Placenta
  10. Adipose tissue
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4
Q

4 major functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. Growth and development
  2. Internal environment
  3. Energy production, storage, and utilization
  4. Reproduction
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5
Q

4 characteristics of endocrine organs

A
  1. Epithelial in origin
  2. Ductless
  3. Highly vascular
  4. Control or effect mediated by hormones
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6
Q

Three things that can be hormones

A
  1. Proteins, glycoproteins, or polypeptides
  2. Amino acids or catecholamines
  3. Steroids
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7
Q

Protein hormone

A

insulin

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8
Q

Glycoprotein hormones

A
  • LH
  • FSH
  • TSH
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9
Q

Polypeptide hormones

A
  • Oxytocin

- Prolactin

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10
Q

Amino acid hormones

A
  • T3

- T4

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11
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • Epinephrine

- Norepinephrine

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12
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Cortisol
  • Aldosterone
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13
Q

Hormones travel via ____ to target ____

A
  • Bloodstream

- Cells

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14
Q

Most hormones bind to receptors on

A

cell surface

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15
Q

Steroids bind to

A

nucleus, therefore they must pass through cell membrane

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland/hypophysis

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17
Q

Two ways hypothalamic nuclei control distant cells via hormones

A
  1. Production of releasing hormones - released into portal system to target cells in the adenohypophysis
  2. Hormones axonally transported and stored in neurohypophysis, then released into blood to target distant sites
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18
Q

Two examples of hormones released by the hypothalamic nuclei that are axonally transported

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. Oxytocin

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19
Q

Origin of the adenohypophysis anterior pituitary

A

Epithelial, from roof of pharynx

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20
Q

Origin of neurohypophysis posterior pituitary

A

Neuroectodermal, from diencephalon

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21
Q

What are the three portions of the posterior pituitary

A
  1. Pas nervosa
  2. Infundibular stalk
  3. Eminentia mediana (attachment between the hypophysis and infundibulum)
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22
Q

Magnocellular neurons

A

Large neurons in the hypothalamus (posterior pituitary) nuclei whose:

  • Cell bodies produce ADH and oxytocin
  • Axons comprise the infundibulum and pars nervosa
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23
Q

Herring bodies

A

Swellings along the axons of magnocellular neurons where hormones (ADH and oxytocin) are accumulated

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24
Q

In the pars nervosa, axons terminate onā€¦

blood thenā€¦

A

vessels

transports hormones to target hormones

25
Q

The three parts of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Pars distalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. Pars tuberalis
26
Q

Relative size and orientation of the anterior pituitary is determined by

A

species

27
Q

Adenohypophysis requires a ____ ______ from the hypothalamus

A

releasing hormone

28
Q

Pars distalis

A
  • The bulk of the anterior pituitary

- Secretes majority of the hormones

29
Q

Where is the source of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A

Pars intermedia

30
Q

Acidophils in the pars distalis

A
  1. Somatotropes (growth hormone)

2. Mammotropes (Lacticotropes -> prolactins)

31
Q

Basophils in the pars distalis

A
  1. Thyrotropes (thyrotropin)
  2. Gondadotropes (FSH and LH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropes (ACTH)
32
Q

Main function of the epiphysis

A

To regulate daily rhythms of bodily activity

33
Q

Secretory cells of the epiphysis

A

Pinealocytes

34
Q

Pinealocytes produce

A

melatonin

35
Q

Pinealocyte mechanism

A
  • Respond to stimuli detected in the retina
  • Darkness stimulates secretion of melatonin
  • Circadian 24 hour rhythm is created
36
Q

When is melatonin is mainly secreted when?

A

At night

37
Q

Melatonin is important in:

A
  1. Signaling time of day/time of year
  2. Is an effective antioxidant, immune-enhancing, oncostatic properties
  3. Seasonal reproduction (long day and short day breeders)
38
Q

Purpose of thyroid gland follicles

A
  1. Lining cells produce thyroglobulin
  2. Stored in follicle lumen (colloid)
  3. Lining cells endocytose thyroglobulin and convert active T3/T4 (thyroxine)
39
Q

Synthesis, iodination, proteolysis of thyroglobulin is regulated by

A

TSH

40
Q

ā€œCā€ or clear cells in the thyroid gland are also known as

A

parafollicular cells

41
Q

Purpose of the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland

A
  • Secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium
  • Target organs are bone and kidney
  • Main function is to lower serum calcium
42
Q

Parathyroid gland is composed of tightly packed

A

chief cells

43
Q

Parathyroid gland secretes ____ into capillaries

A

parathormone (PTH)

44
Q

PTH (Parathormone)

A
  • Increases Ca
  • Increases intestinal and renal Ca resorption
  • Stimulations osteoclasts, which leads to Ca resorption
45
Q

Separation between the cortex and medulla in the adrenal gland is seen in what species?

A

Only mammals

46
Q

Adrenal gland cortex (arises from and secretes)

A
  • Arises from mesoderm

- Secretes corticosteroids

47
Q

Adrenal gland medulla (arises from and secretes)

A
  • Arises from neural crest

- Secretes catecholamines

48
Q

Three zones of the cortex of the adrenal gland and what do they secrete?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa - mineralocoriticoids (aldersterone)
  2. Zona fasciculate - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  3. Zona reticularis - weak androgens
49
Q

Exocrine vs endocrine pancreas

A

Exocrine - 98%

Endocrine - 2%

50
Q

Endocrine pancreas consists of

A

Islets of langerhan

  • Alpha (glucagon, CCK, GIP)
  • Beta (insulin, IAPP)
  • Delta (somatostatin)
  • Other (gastrin)
51
Q

What region of the stomach secretes gastrin?

A

Pyloric region

52
Q

Enteroendocrine cells in the epothelium mucosae of the small intestine secrete hormones such as ____ for ___ _____ constriction

A

CCK

gall bladder

53
Q

What two hormones do the kidneys produce?

A
  1. Renin

2. Erythropoietin

54
Q

Renin

A
  • Produced by juxtaglomerular cells
  • Part of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
  • Involved in the control of blood pressure
55
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • Controls erythropoiesis (RBC production)

- Is a cytokine for RBC precursors

56
Q

Atrial myocardial cells secretes

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

57
Q

ANP purpose

A
  • Promotion of Na and water loss

- Decrease in blood pressure

58
Q

ANP target

A

Distal convoluted tubes of kidneys

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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