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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 17: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Does endocrine system have ducts?

A

Nope

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2
Q

5 primary organs of the endocrine system

A
  1. Pituitary gland, hypophysis cerebri
  2. Pineal gland, epiphysis cerebri
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. Parathyroid gland
  5. Adrenal gland
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3
Q

10 secondary organs of the endocrine system

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Testes
  3. Ovaries
  4. Kidneys
  5. Stomach
  6. Intestines
  7. Thymus
  8. Heart
  9. Placenta
  10. Adipose tissue
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4
Q

4 major functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. Growth and development
  2. Internal environment
  3. Energy production, storage, and utilization
  4. Reproduction
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5
Q

4 characteristics of endocrine organs

A
  1. Epithelial in origin
  2. Ductless
  3. Highly vascular
  4. Control or effect mediated by hormones
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6
Q

Three things that can be hormones

A
  1. Proteins, glycoproteins, or polypeptides
  2. Amino acids or catecholamines
  3. Steroids
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7
Q

Protein hormone

A

insulin

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8
Q

Glycoprotein hormones

A
  • LH
  • FSH
  • TSH
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9
Q

Polypeptide hormones

A
  • Oxytocin

- Prolactin

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10
Q

Amino acid hormones

A
  • T3

- T4

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11
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • Epinephrine

- Norepinephrine

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12
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Cortisol
  • Aldosterone
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13
Q

Hormones travel via ____ to target ____

A
  • Bloodstream

- Cells

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14
Q

Most hormones bind to receptors on

A

cell surface

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15
Q

Steroids bind to

A

nucleus, therefore they must pass through cell membrane

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland/hypophysis

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17
Q

Two ways hypothalamic nuclei control distant cells via hormones

A
  1. Production of releasing hormones - released into portal system to target cells in the adenohypophysis
  2. Hormones axonally transported and stored in neurohypophysis, then released into blood to target distant sites
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18
Q

Two examples of hormones released by the hypothalamic nuclei that are axonally transported

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. Oxytocin

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19
Q

Origin of the adenohypophysis anterior pituitary

A

Epithelial, from roof of pharynx

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20
Q

Origin of neurohypophysis posterior pituitary

A

Neuroectodermal, from diencephalon

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21
Q

What are the three portions of the posterior pituitary

A
  1. Pas nervosa
  2. Infundibular stalk
  3. Eminentia mediana (attachment between the hypophysis and infundibulum)
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22
Q

Magnocellular neurons

A

Large neurons in the hypothalamus (posterior pituitary) nuclei whose:

  • Cell bodies produce ADH and oxytocin
  • Axons comprise the infundibulum and pars nervosa
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23
Q

Herring bodies

A

Swellings along the axons of magnocellular neurons where hormones (ADH and oxytocin) are accumulated

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24
Q

In the pars nervosa, axons terminate on…

blood then…

A

vessels

transports hormones to target hormones

25
The three parts of the anterior pituitary
1. Pars distalis 2. Pars intermedia 3. Pars tuberalis
26
Relative size and orientation of the anterior pituitary is determined by
species
27
Adenohypophysis requires a ____ ______ from the hypothalamus
releasing hormone
28
Pars distalis
- The bulk of the anterior pituitary | - Secretes majority of the hormones
29
Where is the source of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?
Pars intermedia
30
Acidophils in the pars distalis
1. Somatotropes (growth hormone) | 2. Mammotropes (Lacticotropes -> prolactins)
31
Basophils in the pars distalis
1. Thyrotropes (thyrotropin) 2. Gondadotropes (FSH and LH) 3. Adrenocorticotropes (ACTH)
32
Main function of the epiphysis
To regulate daily rhythms of bodily activity
33
Secretory cells of the epiphysis
Pinealocytes
34
Pinealocytes produce
melatonin
35
Pinealocyte mechanism
- Respond to stimuli detected in the retina - Darkness stimulates secretion of melatonin - Circadian 24 hour rhythm is created
36
When is melatonin is mainly secreted when?
At night
37
Melatonin is important in:
1. Signaling time of day/time of year 2. Is an effective antioxidant, immune-enhancing, oncostatic properties 3. Seasonal reproduction (long day and short day breeders)
38
Purpose of thyroid gland follicles
1. Lining cells produce thyroglobulin 2. Stored in follicle lumen (colloid) 3. Lining cells endocytose thyroglobulin and convert active T3/T4 (thyroxine)
39
Synthesis, iodination, proteolysis of thyroglobulin is regulated by
TSH
40
"C" or clear cells in the thyroid gland are also known as
parafollicular cells
41
Purpose of the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland
- Secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium - Target organs are bone and kidney - Main function is to lower serum calcium
42
Parathyroid gland is composed of tightly packed
chief cells
43
Parathyroid gland secretes ____ into capillaries
parathormone (PTH)
44
PTH (Parathormone)
- Increases Ca - Increases intestinal and renal Ca resorption - Stimulations osteoclasts, which leads to Ca resorption
45
Separation between the cortex and medulla in the adrenal gland is seen in what species?
Only mammals
46
Adrenal gland cortex (arises from and secretes)
- Arises from mesoderm | - Secretes corticosteroids
47
Adrenal gland medulla (arises from and secretes)
- Arises from neural crest | - Secretes catecholamines
48
Three zones of the cortex of the adrenal gland and what do they secrete?
1. Zona glomerulosa - mineralocoriticoids (aldersterone) 2. Zona fasciculate - glucocorticoids (cortisol) 3. Zona reticularis - weak androgens
49
Exocrine vs endocrine pancreas
Exocrine - 98% | Endocrine - 2%
50
Endocrine pancreas consists of
Islets of langerhan - Alpha (glucagon, CCK, GIP) - Beta (insulin, IAPP) - Delta (somatostatin) - Other (gastrin)
51
What region of the stomach secretes gastrin?
Pyloric region
52
Enteroendocrine cells in the epothelium mucosae of the small intestine secrete hormones such as ____ for ___ _____ constriction
CCK | gall bladder
53
What two hormones do the kidneys produce?
1. Renin | 2. Erythropoietin
54
Renin
- Produced by juxtaglomerular cells - Part of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) - Involved in the control of blood pressure
55
Erythropoietin
- Controls erythropoiesis (RBC production) | - Is a cytokine for RBC precursors
56
Atrial myocardial cells secretes
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
57
ANP purpose
- Promotion of Na and water loss | - Decrease in blood pressure
58
ANP target
Distal convoluted tubes of kidneys

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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