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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 14: Integument > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integument includes

A

Skin and epidermal derivatives

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2
Q

Are antlers epidermal derivatives?

A

Nope

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3
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

Skin

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4
Q

Functions of skin (9)

A
  • Protection
  • Prevents loss of water and electrolytes
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sensation
  • Elasticity permits movement
  • Immune function
  • Excretion
  • Calcium homeostasis
  • Energy storage
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5
Q

Functions of hair (5)

A
  • Insulation
  • Camouflage
  • Social display
  • Sense/protect
  • Sex recognition
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6
Q

What percent of body weight is skin

A

8-16%

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7
Q

Epidermis cells

A

Stratified squamous keratinized

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8
Q

Hypodermis binds

A

skin loosely to adjacent organs

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9
Q

Three regions of the skin

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
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10
Q

Epidermis origin

A

ectodermal

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11
Q

Is epidermis vascular?

A

Nope

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12
Q

Dermis origin

A

Mesodermal

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13
Q

What regions are CT

A

Dermis

Hypodermis

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14
Q

Is dermis vascular?

A

Yes and innervated

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15
Q

Thick epidermis

A
  • Digital pads, muzzle, ect
  • Hairless
  • Merocrine sweat glands
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16
Q

Thin epidermis

A
  • Hair follicles with arrector pili muscle

- Sebaceous and sweat glands

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17
Q

Epidermal pegs/ridges

A

-Downward projections of the epidermis into the underlying dermis

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18
Q

Dermal papillae

A
  • Upward projections of the superficial dermis
  • Increased area of contact between dermis and epidermis
  • Bring blood vessels near the epithelium
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19
Q

Sites of pegs and papillae

A
  • Footpads, nasal planum, and scrotum
  • Areas subject to traction stress
  • Not in normal hair bearing skin of cats and dogs
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20
Q

What is the principle component of the dermis?

A

Connective tissue

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21
Q

Two layers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary layer

- Reticular layer

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22
Q

Papillary layer

A
  • Loose CT
  • Type 1 and 3 collagen
  • Mast cells, macrophages, vessels, and nerves
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23
Q

Reticular layer

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Type 1 collagen
  • Network of elastic fibers
  • Blood vessels, nerves
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24
Q

Skin elasticity

A

Network of elastic fibers in reticular layer of dermis

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25
Q

Cells of the epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes

- Non-keratinocytes

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26
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Most common cell in epidermis, accounts for 95% of the total number of cells in the epidermis

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27
Q

Non-keratinocytes in the epidermis

A
  1. Langerhans cells
  2. Merkel’s cells
  3. Melanocytes
  4. Variable number of intraepithelial lymphocytes
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28
Q

Epidermal layers generate a

A

constant supply of cells

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29
Q

Adhere cells

A

Desmosomes

Hemidesmosomes

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30
Q

Desmosomes

A

Between cells

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31
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Attach basal cells to the basal lamina

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32
Q

Epidermal layers replace cytoplasm with

A

keratin - waterproofs, flattens cells and provides many layers of oily cellular barrier

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33
Q

5 layers of the epidermis

A
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum (not present at all sites)
  • Statum corneum
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34
Q

Stratum basale is considered the

A

epidermal-dermal junction

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35
Q

Stratum basale cell structure

A

Single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells

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36
Q

Stratum basale rests on

A
  • Basal lamina

- Hemidesmosomes bind cells to basal lamina

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37
Q

Stratum basale is an area of ____ activity

A

mitotic

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38
Q

May see _______ in the stratum basale

A

melanocytes

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39
Q

Stem cells in the stratum basale proliferate by

A

mitotic division

cells move up and keratinize

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40
Q

Stratum spinosum cells

A

Cuboidal or slightly flattened

  • Thin: 1-2 cells thick
  • Thick: Many layers

Cohesive and resist abrasion
Retain some capacity for division if needed

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41
Q

Stratum spinosum appearance

A
  • Desmosomes and increased number of tonofilaments give spiny appearance
  • Prickle cells layer
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42
Q

Stratum granulosum cells

A
  • 3-5 layers of flattened cells
  • Can be difficult to see in thin skin
  • Basophilic
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43
Q

Two granules associated with the stratum granulosum

A
  • Keratohyalin granules

- Lamellar granules

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44
Q

Keratohyalin granules

A

-Bind with keratin filaments

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45
Q

Lamellar granules

A

Secreted by cells to form waterproof lipid sheets (intercellular cement)

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46
Q

Does the stratum granulosum have mitotic activity

A

Nope
Last living layer
Nucleus and organelles soon to be lost

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47
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • Translucent layer that is present only in thick skin
  • Many keratin filaments, desmosomes present
  • Cellular organelles are gone
  • Fully keratinized
48
Q

Cytoplasm of the stratum lucidum contains

A

eleidin - protein that is chemically related to keratin

49
Q

Stratum corneum thickness

A

15-20 layers

Varies by location

50
Q

Cells of stratum corneum consist of

A

Keratin

51
Q

Stratum corneum cells are known as

A
  • Horny cells
  • Surrounded by a thicker plasma membrane coated by the exterior lipid matrix
  • “Bricks and morter”
52
Q

Stratum corneum cells continuously

A

Shed at surface

53
Q

Superficial stratum corneum is composed of

A

non-nucleated dead keratinized cells

54
Q

Stratum lucidum cells have ___ nuclei

A

pyknotic

55
Q

What are the last living cells with keratohyalin granules

A

stratum granulosum

56
Q

Keratinization

A
  • Process by which keratinocytes differentiate

- About 21 days in the dog

57
Q

Cornification

A

Production of stratum corneum by terminal epidermal differentiation

58
Q

Langerhans cells are found

A

In stratum basale and stratum spinosum

59
Q

Langerhans cells make up what percentage of total cells

A

2-8%

60
Q

Langerhans cells are derived from

A 
Bone marrow (monocyttes)
Intra-epidermal macrophages
61
Q

Lanerhans cells role in immunological skin reactions

A
  • Antigen presenting cells

- Internalize surface-bound antigen for processing and presenting at its cells surface to T lymphocytes

62
Q

Merkel’s cells are found

A

In thick skin near stratum basale

63
Q

What are seen at the base of Merkel cells?

A

Free nerve endings

64
Q

Merkel cells may be

A
  • Mechanoreceptors for cutaneous sensation

- Diffuse neuroendocrine system

65
Q

Melanocytes are present

A

in the stratum basale

66
Q

Melanocytes orginate

A

in the neural crest

67
Q

Melanocytes produce

A

Pigment melanin, which migrates within cytoplasmic extensions and is transferred to keratinocytes of stratum basale and spinosum

68
Q

Melanocytes protect

A

cells from effects of UV radiation

69
Q

Melanocytes must have

A

Tyrosinase for proper function

70
Q

Melanin absorbs

A
  • Harmful UV radiation
  • Transforms energy into harmless amounts of heat
  • Keeps free radicals at a minimum
71
Q

Eumelanin

A
  • Most common form of melanin

- Brown/black pigment

72
Q

Pheomelanin

A

-A red/brown polymer responsible for red hair and freckles

73
Q

What happens in a situation where there is no tyrosine

A

No melanin

Albino animal

74
Q

Sensory nerves of dermis

A
  • Free nerve endings to stratum granulosum
  • Nocioreceptors
  • Encapulated nerve endings
  • Meissners corpuscles
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Ruffini corpuscles (sense stretching)
75
Q

Hair follicle

A
  • Epidermal invagination

- Glassy membrane: a thick basement membrane

76
Q

Hair parts

A
  • Medulla: loose cuboidal cells; air filled in areas
  • Cortex: dense compact keratinized cells parallel to hair shaft
  • Cuticle: single layer of flat keratinized cells
77
Q

The pattern of cuticle and medulla is

A

Characteristic for each species

78
Q

Two layers of hair follicle

A
  • Dermal papilla

- Root sheath

79
Q

Dermal papilla

A
  • Carries blood supply to the cells of the hair

- Hair matrix cells comparable to stratum basale

80
Q

4 layers of the root sheath

A
  • External glassy membrane
  • External root sheath
  • Internal root sheath
  • Cuticle
81
Q

External glassy membrane

A

Basal lamina; external to external root sheath

82
Q

External root sheath

A

Continuous with epidermis

83
Q

Internal root sheath

A

A few layers of squamous cells

84
Q

Cuticle

A
  • Internal to internal root sheath
  • Formed by overlapping keratinized cells but with free edges oriented in the opposite direction from the hair cuticle, towards the hair bulb
85
Q

Primary hair follicle

A
  • Large diameter
  • Rooted deep in the dermis
  • Sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands
  • Primary or guard hair
86
Q

Secondary hair follicles

A
  • Smaller diameter
  • Rooted near the surface
  • +/- sebaceous gland; no sweat glands; no arrector pili muscle
  • Secondary or under hairs
87
Q

Compound hair follicles

A

Clusters of several hair follicles

88
Q

Compound hair follicles merge where?

Emerge where?

A

Merge at the level of the sebaceous gland and emerge through one external orifice

89
Q

Compound hair follicles usually have one ___ __ and several ___ ___

A

primary follicle

secondary follicles

90
Q

Sinus (tactile) hair follicles =

A

whiskers

91
Q

Sebaceous glands produce

A

Sebum

A mixture of lipid and disintegrated cells which acts as an antibacterial and waterproofing agent

92
Q

Sebaceous gland ducts empty into

A

hair follicle or skin surface

93
Q

Sebaceous gland cells accumulate

A

lipid droplets as they differentiate towards the center of the gland

94
Q

Uropygial/preen gland

A

Strongly developed in many waterbirds such as ducks (but not in cormorants)

95
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

-Simple saccular or tubular glands with coiled secretory portion and strait duct

96
Q

What help express the product of the apocrine sweat glands

A

Contractile myoepithelial cells that surround secretory units

97
Q

In domestic animals, where are apocrine sweat glands located

A

Throughout most of the skin

98
Q

Function of apocrine (sweat) glands?

A

Mainly communication (attraction, marker)

99
Q

Role of eccrine/merocrine sweat glands in domestic animals

A

minor

100
Q

Eccrine/merocrine purpose

A
  • Thermoregulation
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Excrete on surface of skin when body temperature rises
101
Q

Horse thermoregulation

A

Produce a protein rich sweat. The major component is latherin, a non-glycosylated protein

102
Q

Do dogs produce sweat for thermoregulation?

A

Nope

103
Q

Merocrine glands in foot pads of dogs

A

Produce a watery secretion similar to human perspiration

104
Q

Apocrine glands associated with every hair follicle on dog body has two functions

A
  • Seal the outer layer of epidermis

- Secrete pheromones that give dogs a distinctive body odor

105
Q

Hooves and claws are modifications of

A

skin

variations of stratum corneum

106
Q

Hooves and claws are underlain by

A

Highly vascular dermis

107
Q

Hooves and claws lack

A

Stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum

108
Q

Hoof

A

Highly modified, specialized skin derivative that protects and encloses the ends of the digits of an ungulate mammal

109
Q

Hoof is the equivalent of

A

a nail or claw

110
Q

Hoof has two main layers:

A 
Outer epidermis
Underlying dermis (corium)
111
Q

Three layers of the hoof wall

A
  • Stratum tectorium/externum
  • Stratum medium
  • Stratum lamellatum/internum
112
Q

Stratum tectorium

A
  • Thin
  • External layer is known as the glaze
  • Continuation of the perioplic epidermis
113
Q

Stratum medium

A
  • The main supportive layer
  • Tubular and intertubular horn. produced by the stratum basale and stratum spinosum of the epidermis of the coronary groove
114
Q

Stratum lamellatum

A
  • Lamellar horn

- Insensitive lamellae

115
Q

Laminar corium

A

Sensitive laminae

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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