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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 20: Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prehension

A

Ingestion followed by fragmentation

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2
Q

5 functions of the GI system

A 
1. Prehension
2, Mechanical and enzymatic breakdown (fermentation) of nutrients
3. Absorption
4. Synthesis/secretion
5. Excretion of waste materials
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3
Q

Lining epithelium from lips to non-glandular stomach

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Lining epithelium in glandular stomach and intestine

A

Simple columnar

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5
Q

Oral cavity is formed by

A

Lips and cheeks, palate, pharynx, tongue

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6
Q

Mucosa of the oral cavity is lined by

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

In ruminants, the oral cavity has

A

Dental pad

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8
Q

Tongue epithelium

A

Covered by mucosa, a stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized on dorsal side

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9
Q

Dorsal/upper surface of tongue is irregular due to

A

Presence of papillae (mechanical and gustatory)

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10
Q

Tongue’s main component

A

Skeletal muscle arranged in three directions (longitudinal, transversal, and vertical)

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11
Q

Does the tongue have a tunica submucosa?

A

Nope

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12
Q

Hard structures of teeth

A

Enamel
Dentin
Cementum

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13
Q

Soft tissues of teeth

A

Pulp

Peridontal ligament

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14
Q

Enamel is produced by

A

ameloblasts that cover the external surface

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15
Q

Dentin location and production

A

Beneath enamel

By odontoblasts

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16
Q

Cementum is formed by

A

cementoblast

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17
Q

Tooth pulp

A

Loose connective tissue and nerves

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18
Q

Root mesenchyme of tooth pulp is derived from

A

Neural crest cells

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19
Q

Peridontal ligament is made by

A

fibroblasts

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20
Q

General organization of digestive organs

A

Muscular tube with 4 coats/tunics

  1. Muscosa
    - Inner epithelium
    - Middle lamina propria
    - Thin outer muscularis mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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21
Q

Tunica submucosa structure

A
  • Loose CT, looser than in lamina propria mucosae

- May contain glands, vessels, a nerve plexus, and lymphatic nodules.

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22
Q

Purpose of submucosa

A

facilitates motility of mucosa

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23
Q

If lamina muscularis is absent, the combined area is called

A

lamina propria/submucosa

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24
Q

Tunica muscularis may be what muscle?

A

Smooth or skeletal

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25
Q

Usually ___ layers of smooth muscle:

A

2

  • Inner circular
  • Outer longitudinal
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26
Q

Tunica muscularis controls

A

Lumen size and motility of tube

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27
Q

Tunica muscularis contains

A

myenteric plexus (Auberbach), vessels, nerves, nerve cell bodies in ganglia on the plexus

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28
Q

A plexus

A
  • Two autonomic nervous system divisions in the same location in the enteric wall
  • Neuron cell bodies of parasympathetic ns and enteric ns, their axons and the axons of the sympathetic neurons
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29
Q

Enteric plexus controls

A

Glands and smooth muscle of organs

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30
Q

Tunica serosa is composed of

A

mesothelium and loose CT +/- adipose tissue

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31
Q

Tunica adventitia is composed of

A

loose/dense CT only

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32
Q

What is the most external tunic

A

T. serosa

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33
Q

Tunica serosa is continuous with

A

mesentery, omentum, and pleura

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34
Q

Adventia covers portions of

A

the esophagus, rectum, vagina, bronchi, trachea where passing through the mediastinum, body wall, and neck

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35
Q

Esophagus epithelium

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Mucus glands in submucosa
  • May have a lamina muscularis mucosae
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36
Q

Esophagus healing

A

poorly

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37
Q

Tunica muscularis of esophagus may be composed of

A

Skeletal muscle only or a combo of skeletal and smooth

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38
Q

Innervation of esophagus

A

Cr N X

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39
Q

Tunica adventitia of esophagus

A

Loose CT without mesothelium, covers most of the esophagus

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40
Q

Stomach description

A

Distention of digestive tube with sphincters at entry (cardia) and at exit (pylorus)

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41
Q

Tunica mucosa of stomach

A

May be non-glandular (cutaneous), glandular (with simple columnar epithelium)

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42
Q

Mucus membrane of the stomach can be

A
  • Cutaneous, non-glandular

- Glandular with simple columnar epithelium

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43
Q

Margo plicatus in the equine stomach

A

Junction between glandular and non-glandular stomach

44
Q

Simple stomach

A

Carnivores and humans with glandular mucosa only

45
Q

Composite stomach

A

Pig and horse with both glandular and cutaneous mucous membrane

46
Q

Compound multichambered stomach

A

Ruminants, non-glandular mucosa in forestomachs

47
Q

Forestomach - who has it and structure/function

A
  • Ox, sheep, goats
  • 3 compartments, lined with stratified squamous epithelium
  • Fermentation vat
  • Papillated mucosa
  • Volatile fatty acid absorption
48
Q

Three compartments of the forestomach in a compound multichambered stomach

A
  • Rumen: largest of the three, low papillae
  • Reticulum: honeycomb mucosa
  • Omasum: “many piles,” butcher’s bible
49
Q

Rumen and reticulum functions

A

Mixing, absorption, eructation, regurg, movement of ingesta , and VFA absorption

50
Q

Omasum functions

A

Squeezing ingesta, liquifies and moves it to the abomasum for further digestion

51
Q

Ruminal papillae in the epithelium allows for

A

Increased SA with stratified squamous epithelium with desmosomes to enhance passive absorption of volatile fatty acids in rumen

52
Q

Proventricles are lined with

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

53
Q

Glandular stomach in ruminants

A
  • Abomasum

- True stomach for these species

54
Q

The three glandular regions in all domestic species

A
  • Cardiac
  • Fundic
  • Pyloric
55
Q

What allows distention of the stomach?

A

Longitudinal rugae

56
Q

Gastric pits

A

invaginations of the lining epithelium in the stomach

57
Q

Cardiac region of the stomach is mostly composed of

A

mucous glands

58
Q

Fundic region of stomach is composed mainly of

A

proper gastric glands (parietal and chief cells)

59
Q

Gastric glands are lined by

A

Simple columnar epithelium, which dips down and creates gastric pits

60
Q

Three types of gastric glands

A
  1. Cardiac glands - mainly mucus
  2. Proper gastric glands (fundic)
  3. Pyloric glands - mucus glands
61
Q

Cardiac gland region

A

Near esophageal stomach junction composed mainly of mucus glands and a few parietal cells

62
Q

Fundic region with proper gastric glands is composed of

A
  • Parietal
  • Chief cells/peptic
  • Stem cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
63
Q

Pyloric region

A
  • Mucus glands
  • G cells produce GI hormone gastrin
  • All gastric (exocrine) glands empty into gastric pits
64
Q

Chief cells in fundic region of glandular stomach

A
  • Basophilic
  • Secrete pepsinogen in adult
  • Secrete chymosin in infants to curdle milk, allowing further digestion along intestine
65
Q

Chymosin can be called what in ruminants

A

Rennin

66
Q

Parietal cells in fundic region of glandular stomach

A
  • Acidophilic

- Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption vitamin

67
Q

Enteroendocrine cells require what to see them?

A
  • Special stains

- Ex. Silver “argentaffin” cells and/or salts of chromium to see enterochromaffin cells

68
Q

Intestines are lined by

A

simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

69
Q

Small intestine structure

A
  • Plicae, villi, microvilli to increase SA
  • Submucosal glands located in duodenum
  • Lymphatic nodules in distal small intestine
  • Myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus
70
Q

Total absorbing area in human small intestine is

A

200 m2

71
Q

Plicea increases absorbing area of small intestines by how much

A

3 fold

72
Q

Intestinal villi increase absorbing area of small intestines by how much

A

10 fold

73
Q

Microvilli of enterocytes in the small intestine increase absorbing surface by

A

20 fold

74
Q

Ability to absorb antibodies from colostrum is…

A

short and temporary (1-2 days) in ruminants, horses, and pigs

75
Q

Villi are confined to what intestine?

A

small

76
Q

As the base of the villi in the small intestine are

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn, corresponding to the invaginations of the lining epithelium

77
Q

Lacteals in the small intestine begin

A

in the center of the villi

78
Q

The duodenum has what kind of glands

A

Brunner’s glands

79
Q

Three regions of the small intestines

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

80
Q

Three regions of the large intestines

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum

81
Q

Lacteals

A
  • Blind-ended lymphatic vessels in intestinal villi

- Chyle found in lacteals is filtered through intestinal lymph nodes before re-entering blood at jugular vein

82
Q

Peyers patches

A

Aggregations of lymphoid nodules present in lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine

83
Q

Where are peyers patches found

A

Distal jejunum and ileum, but varies according to species

84
Q

Paneth cells location

A

Located near the crypt base in some species (primates, horses, and rodents)

85
Q

Paneth cells function

A
  • Considered to have both secretory and phagocytic functions; produce cryptdin and lysins (substances toxic to bacteria)
  • Act in a paracrine manner by opening anion channels in enterocytes causing chloride secretion from crypt enterocytes
86
Q

Enteroendocrine cell location

A

Primarily localized in crypts

87
Q

Enteroendocrine cell function

A

-Produce serotonin, glucoinsulotropic peptide, catecholamines, gastrin, somatostatin, serotonin, cholecystokinin, secretin, bombesin, enteroglucagon, and likely others in response to chemical and mechanical stimuli

88
Q

Does the large intestine have villi?

A

Nope

89
Q

Purpose of large intestine

A

Absorbs H2O and mucus

90
Q

Are there intestinal crypts in the large intestine?

A

Yup, but relatively long

91
Q

Taenia coli

A

Flat bands composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in the large intestines of pigs and horses

92
Q

Large intestine is innervated by

A

Vagus nerve, celiacomesenteric ganglia, caudal mesenteric ganglia, hypogastric nerves, pelvic nerves

93
Q

ID structure in duodenum

A

Brunner’s glands in tunica submucosa

94
Q

ID structure in Jejunum

A

none

95
Q

ID structure in ileum

A

Peyer’s patches in tela submucosa

96
Q

Rectum purpose

A

Stores feces, secretes lots of mucus

97
Q

Three different glandular regions in the anus

A
  1. Anal glands - empty into lumen of anus
  2. Anal sac glands - empty into anal sacs
  3. Circumanal glands - nonpatent ducts, no function known - may form benign tumors
98
Q

Innervation of sphincter muscles

A

ANS - internal

Somatic - external

99
Q

Rectum ends in

A

Anal canal lined by squamous epithelium, with it being keratinized near the muco-cutaneous junction

100
Q

Tubuloacinar anal glands

A
  • Present in pigs and dogs

- Located in submmucosa and muscularis of the anal canal

101
Q

Location of anal sacs in carnivores

A
  • Paired anal sacs are located lateral and below anal sacs in carnivores
  • Between inner smooth muscle of internal anal sphincter and outer skeletal muscle of external anal sphincter
102
Q

Anal sacs are lined by

A

keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

103
Q

Glands of anal sacs

A

Apocrine tubular in dog

Apocrine tubular and sebaceous in the cat

104
Q

Circumanal gland location

A

Subcutis around anus in the dog

105
Q

Circumanal gland compostion

A
  • Sebaceous glands in upper portion, non-sebaceous glands in lower portion
  • Non-sebaceous glands resemble hepatocytes so are named hepatoid glands

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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