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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 1 - Microanatomy (Histology)and Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Microanatomy (Histology)and Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy definition

A

The science which deals with structures of healthy body of animals and humans. The structure is revealed by naked eye observation and it is based on dissection`

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy definition

A

encompasses all those structures accessible by dissection and direct inspection

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3
Q

Microanatomy - histology definition

A

study of the tissues of the body and how cells and tissue integrate to form organs.

involves all aspects of tissue biology with emphasis on cell structure and function, including functions specific to each organ

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4
Q

Embryology definition

A

the science which deals with ontogenetic development i.e. with development of a new individual (development of embryo and fetus).

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5
Q

Three branches of histology

A

Cytology
General histology
Special histology

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6
Q

Cytology

A

deals with the structure and function of the cell

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7
Q

General histology

A

deals with the structure of tissue

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8
Q

Special histology

A

deals with microscopic structure of organs (also called organology)

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9
Q

Histological slides are cut about how big?

A

4-8 micrometers

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10
Q

Two interacting components that make up tissues

A

Cells

Extracellular matrix

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11
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Anything next to and between cells

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12
Q

Light microscopy

A

Light beam is transmitted through a tissue

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13
Q

Light microscopy includes (6)

A
  • Conventional bright field microscopy
  • Fluorescence
  • Phase-contrast
  • Differential interference
  • Confocal
  • Polarizing
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14
Q

Most common light microscopy

A

Bright field microscopy

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15
Q

Bright field microscopy

A

requires staining, suchas cytochemical demonstration of mitochondria in sperm

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16
Q

Two types of microscopes

A

Phase contrast microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy

17
Q

Phase contrast microscopy basis

A

-Based on principle that light changes speed when passing through structures with different refractive indices.

18
Q

Phase contrast microscopy use

A

Allows observation of living non-stained structures

19
Q

Fluorescence microscopy basis

A

Based on affinity of fluorescent compounds for specific cell components

20
Q

Advantages of LM (4)

A
  • Relatively inexpensive
  • Provides rapid diagnosis
  • Allows observation of living specimens
  • Resolving power of LM id 0.2 micrometers
21
Q

Disadvantages of LM (4)

A
  • 2-D image
  • Resolving power is limited by the wavelength of light
  • Requires maintenance
  • Requires expertise for proper diagnosis (quality analysis and quality control)
22
Q

Stereomicroscope

A
  • Also called dissecting microscope

- Uses whole mount

23
Q

Advantages of dissecting scopes (4)

A
  • Relatively inexpensive
  • Practical/versatile
  • Can provide 3D image
  • Can be used in microsurgery and with other types of specimens
24
Q

Disadvantages of dissecting scopes (2)

A
  • Low resolving power

- Needs to be maintained

25
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

Very thin slides

Can go inside cells

26
Q

Scanning electron microscopy

A

Just scans the surfaces

Useful for structures that live on surfaces such as parasites

27
Q

Transmission electron microscopy is based on

A

the interaction of electrons and tissue components

28
Q

What causes the 1,000 fold increase in resolution with TEM?

A

The wavelength in the electron beam is shorter

29
Q

Advantages of TEM (2)

A
  • Great resolving power (0.16-0.18 nanometers)

- Very useful for rapid diagnosis of viruses and other microscopic organisms

30
Q

Disadvantages of TEM (4)

A
  • 2D
  • Black and white
  • Can’t be used in living object
  • Very expensive
31
Q

3 conditions objects must meet to be observed under LM or TEM

A
  • Must be fresh and well-preserved in order to retain structure and molecular composition
  • Must be thin enough to allow light transmission
  • Must have enough contrast to observe details
32
Q

7 steps for tissue processing for observation in a microscope

A
  1. Take it out
  2. Fixation (12-24 hours)
  3. Dehydrate using alcohol
  4. Clearing
  5. Embed in paraffin wax
  6. Cut using microtome
  7. Stain to create contrast
33
Q

What do we use for fixation?

A

10% buffered formalin to penetrate tissue

34
Q

What do we use for clearing?

A

Xylene

35
Q

How thick do we cut slides?

A

1-7 micrometers

36
Q

What is the most common stain used in routine staining?

A

Hematoxylin – eosin

37
Q

Example of special staining?

A

silver stain use to demonstrate elastin.

38
Q

What are histochemical methods of staining used for?

A

used to demonstrate chemical constituients DNA, RNA, lipids, glycogen, carbohydrates and elements such as Ca, Fe etc.

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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