Lecture 20 study guide Flashcards
What is the purpose of fermentation in human cells
To regenerate NAD+ in anaerobic conditions
While human fermentation produces lactate, what do yeast cells produce?
Yeast produce ethanol in fermentation
What signaling pathway tells gut cells to proliferate?
WNT pathway
How does the loss of APC function lead to cancer?
Loss of APC function means beta catenin can’t be degraded and this allows unlimited proliferation.
What kind of enzyme is APC?
Ubiquitin Ligase
What is the name of the tumor suppressor genes that function in the repair of double stranded DNA and are associated with breast cancer?
BRCA1/2
When does homologous recombination occur?
After S phase during M phase.
Describe metastasis
Cells of the primary tumor become mobile, enter bloodstream, and invade other tissues to form secondary tumors
Tumors that stay local and do not metastasize are called:
Benign
Why do cancers often increase vascularization?
Cancers have high nutrient needs and vascularization brings nutrients to the tissue.
What are the two forms of cancer movement?
Blebbing, Cell protrusion
- In order for blebbing to occur what must happen to the cell tissue?
Loss of connection to the cortex and because of turgor pressure forms a bleb.
What protein is associated with actin branching?
Arp2/3
What is the name of the process that forms new blood vessels?
Angiogenesis
Which form of double strand repair leads to nucleotide loss?
Non-homologous end joining
