Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Biology > Final review 1 > Flashcards

Final review 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Three characteristics of cells

A
  • cells are the basic unit of life
  • all organisms are made of cells
  • cells arise from other cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of evolution?

A

Random mutations that occur during the replication of the genome, combined with natural selection, are the basis for evolution of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 characteristics of evolution

A
  • Evolution always builds on existing structures, changes these structures or combines into new functions
    -Evolution cannot go back and start from scratch
    -Evolution is like a junkyard builder, designing new cars from pieces of old ones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What microscopes have a resolution (spacial) of 250nm?

A

Bright-field microscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What microscopes have a resolution (spacial) of 0.1nm?

A

Transmission EM
Scanning EM
Atomic Force Microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What microscopy methods have a fast temporal resolution?

A

Bright-field microscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy
Atomic force microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What microscopy requires cells to be fixed?

A

Transmission EM and scanning EM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the only microscopy that has a high specificity?

A

fluorescent microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of microscopy views the cell surface?

A

Scanning EM and Atomic force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 small building blocks of a cell

A

Sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 large building blocks of a cell

A

Polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the energy carrier of the cell?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are two activated carrier of electrons?

A

NADH and NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between condensation and hydrolysis?

A

Condensation you loose water and hydrolysis you break a bond by adding water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Components of phospholipids

A

contain fatty acids, glycerol phosphate and polar head group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What polymerizes to form polypeptides (proteins)?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can cause protein denaturation?

A

high temperatures or adding detergents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens when the interactions within a protein are weak?

A

The protein denatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are chaperones?

A

Help with protein folding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does primary protein structure show?

A

Amino acid sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does secondary protein structure show?

A

A helix and B sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does tertiary protein structure show?

A

3D structure

23
Q

What does quaternary protein structure show?

A

Protein complex

24
Q

What stabilizes protein structures?

A

Disulfide bonds

25
Q

What are larger protein structures called?

A

Protein complexes

26
Q

What is required to be highly specific?

A

enzymes

27
Q

What helps lower activation energy for a catalyzed reaction?

A

enzymes

28
Q

What conversion is not favored?

A

X to Y

29
Q

What is the result of coupling the conversion?

A

By coupling the favorable C to D, it can drive the X to Y reaction

30
Q

What reaction is useful in helping drive reactions?

A

ATP to ADP hydrolysis

31
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Energy production from food

32
Q

What two cycles are key for the energy production from food

A

glycolysis and citric acid cycle

33
Q

Where is the citric acid cycle occurring?

A

Mitochondria

34
Q

What organelle is responsible for ATP production?

A

mitochondria

35
Q

Where does ATP get its energy from?

A

NADH and FADH2 electrons converted into a proton gradient, the energy of the proton gradient is converted to ATP

36
Q

What two cycles provide the precursors needed for cells to synthesize many important organic molecules?

A

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

37
Q

What two pathways are linked?

A

Catabolic and anabolic

38
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chloroplast

39
Q

Result of photosynthesis?

A

NADPH and ATP

40
Q

What is the benefit of coupling the two photosystem?

A

to achieve a low enough redox potential to reduce NADP+

41
Q

What is redox potential?

A

describes the ability of a molecule to accept of donate electrons

42
Q

What are three properties of membranes?

A
  • stable lipid bilayers form spontaneously in water
  • Stabilized by hydrophobic interactions
  • low permeability for charged molecules
43
Q

When is lipid composition in membranes adjusted?

A

to temperature, to organelle, to function

44
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

total concentration of all solute particles

45
Q

What has higher osmolarity, cytoplasm or extracellular space?

A

cytoplasm

46
Q

What causes turgor pressure?

A

cytoplasm having a higher osmolarity and pushing water into the cell

47
Q

What allows water to pass through the cell more efficiently?

A

aquaporins

48
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

Higher concentration of a molecule on one side of the membrane compared to the other side

49
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Unequal charge distribution across the membrane

50
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

determines what direction the charged solutes will move

51
Q

What are characteristics of a transporter?

A

contain a central binding site for the molecule. The binding site changes accessibility from one side of the membrane to the other, used for molecules/nutrients

52
Q

What is a channel?

A

selective pores that allow ions to pass. electrochemical gradient determiens direction of flow

53
Q

What is used for nutrient transport?

A

ion gradients

Cell Biology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions