Final review 1

Question 1

Three characteristics of cells

Answer 1

• cells are the basic unit of life
• all organisms are made of cells
• cells arise from other cells

Question 2

What is the definition of evolution?

Answer 2

Random mutations that occur during the replication of the genome, combined with natural selection, are the basis for evolution of organisms

Question 3

3 characteristics of evolution

Answer 3

• Evolution always builds on existing structures, changes these structures or combines into new functions
  -Evolution cannot go back and start from scratch
  -Evolution is like a junkyard builder, designing new cars from pieces of old ones

Question 4

What microscopes have a resolution (spacial) of 250nm?

Answer 4

Bright-field microscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy

Question 5

What microscopes have a resolution (spacial) of 0.1nm?

Answer 5

Transmission EM
Scanning EM
Atomic Force Microscopy

Question 6

What microscopy methods have a fast temporal resolution?

Answer 6

Bright-field microscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy
Atomic force microscopy

Question 7

What microscopy requires cells to be fixed?

Answer 7

Transmission EM and scanning EM

Question 8

What is the only microscopy that has a high specificity?

Answer 8

fluorescent microscopy

Question 9

What type of microscopy views the cell surface?

Answer 9

Scanning EM and Atomic force

Question 10

4 small building blocks of a cell

Answer 10

Sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides

Question 11

4 large building blocks of a cell

Answer 11

Polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 12

What is the energy carrier of the cell?

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

What are two activated carrier of electrons?

Answer 13

NADH and NADPH

Question 14

What is the difference between condensation and hydrolysis?

Answer 14

Condensation you loose water and hydrolysis you break a bond by adding water

Question 15

Components of phospholipids

Answer 15

contain fatty acids, glycerol phosphate and polar head group

Question 16

What polymerizes to form polypeptides (proteins)?

Answer 16

Amino acids

Question 17

What can cause protein denaturation?

Answer 17

high temperatures or adding detergents

Question 18

What happens when the interactions within a protein are weak?

Answer 18

The protein denatures

Question 19

What are chaperones?

Answer 19

Help with protein folding

Question 20

What does primary protein structure show?

Answer 20

Amino acid sequence

Question 21

What does secondary protein structure show?

Answer 21

A helix and B sheet

Question 22

What does tertiary protein structure show?

Answer 22

3D structure

Question 23

What does quaternary protein structure show?

Answer 23

Protein complex

Question 24

What stabilizes protein structures?

Answer 24

Disulfide bonds

Question 25

What are larger protein structures called?

Answer 25

Protein complexes

Question 26

What is required to be highly specific?

Answer 26

enzymes

Question 27

What helps lower activation energy for a catalyzed reaction?

Answer 27

enzymes

Question 28

What conversion is not favored?

Answer 28

X to Y

Question 29

What is the result of coupling the conversion?

Answer 29

By coupling the favorable C to D, it can drive the X to Y reaction

Question 30

What reaction is useful in helping drive reactions?

Answer 30

ATP to ADP hydrolysis

Question 31

What is catabolism?

Answer 31

Energy production from food

Question 32

What two cycles are key for the energy production from food

Answer 32

glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Question 33

Where is the citric acid cycle occurring?

Answer 33

Mitochondria

Question 34

What organelle is responsible for ATP production?

Answer 34

mitochondria

Question 35

Where does ATP get its energy from?

Answer 35

NADH and FADH2 electrons converted into a proton gradient, the energy of the proton gradient is converted to ATP

Question 36

What two cycles provide the precursors needed for cells to synthesize many important organic molecules?

Answer 36

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Question 37

What two pathways are linked?

Answer 37

Catabolic and anabolic

Question 38

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 38

Chloroplast

Question 39

Result of photosynthesis?

Answer 39

NADPH and ATP

Question 40

What is the benefit of coupling the two photosystem?

Answer 40

to achieve a low enough redox potential to reduce NADP+

Question 41

What is redox potential?

Answer 41

describes the ability of a molecule to accept of donate electrons

Question 42

What are three properties of membranes?

Answer 42

- stable lipid bilayers form spontaneously in water - Stabilized by hydrophobic interactions - low permeability for charged molecules

Question 43

When is lipid composition in membranes adjusted?

Answer 43

to temperature, to organelle, to function

Question 44

What is osmolarity?

Answer 44

total concentration of all solute particles

Question 45

What has higher osmolarity, cytoplasm or extracellular space?

Answer 45

cytoplasm

Question 46

What causes turgor pressure?

Answer 46

cytoplasm having a higher osmolarity and pushing water into the cell

Question 47

What allows water to pass through the cell more efficiently?

Answer 47

aquaporins

Question 48

What is the concentration gradient?

Answer 48

Higher concentration of a molecule on one side of the membrane compared to the other side

Question 49

What is membrane potential?

Answer 49

Unequal charge distribution across the membrane

Question 50

What is the electrochemical gradient?

Answer 50

determines what direction the charged solutes will move

Question 51

What are characteristics of a transporter?

Answer 51

contain a central binding site for the molecule. The binding site changes accessibility from one side of the membrane to the other, used for molecules/nutrients

Question 52

What is a channel?

Answer 52

selective pores that allow ions to pass. electrochemical gradient determiens direction of flow

Question 53

What is used for nutrient transport?

Answer 53

ion gradients