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Cell Biology > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is 90% of cells DNA and proteins dedicated to?

A

regulation

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2
Q

What are examples of signals?

A

intracellular or extracellular signals

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3
Q

What are examples of sensors?

A

Surface receptor enzymes

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4
Q

What is an examples of analysis of a cell?

A

coincidence detectors

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5
Q

What is the final response of the cell?

A

Transcription, enzymatic activity, protein stability, protein localization, cellular programs

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6
Q

What are cellular programs?

A

cell differentiation, enter or exit cell cycle, apoptosis

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7
Q

When is feedback regulation mainly used

A

Mainly used to regulate non-reversible reaction and to regulate key steps in metabolic pathways

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8
Q

What enzyme is involved in the synthesis of the nucleotides CTP, UTP and TTP?

A

aspartate transcarbamoylase

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9
Q

What helps regulate enzyme activity?

A

phosphorylation

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10
Q

What happens during acetylation?

A

removes the positive charge of the lysine and therefore modification affects interactions of the protein with other proteins or molecules (histones)

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11
Q

What helps with protein acetylation on lysine sidechains?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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12
Q

What is the ultimate “turn off” mechanisms

A

Degradation

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13
Q

What is the most common result of ubiquitination?

A

Degradation:
- proteasome
- lysosome
- autophagosome

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14
Q

What is the most complex regulation systems containing many phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination sites?

A

p53

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15
Q

What drives vesicle formation on the ER membrane?

A

Sar 1

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16
Q

The assembly of what drives vesicle formation?

A

assembly of coat proteins

17
Q

What is regulated by assembly/disassembly?

A

actin

18
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

are DNA binding proteins that regulate transcriptioninitiation

19
Q

What do transcription factors contain?

A
  • DNA binding domains
  • Transcription regulatory domains
20
Q

Homeodomains form what?

A

form hydrogen bonds with nucleobases mostly via the major groove of the DNA

21
Q

What do leucine zipper transcription factors form?

A

dimers

22
Q

What does the term leucine zipper refer to?

A

the facts that the two helixes are dimerizing because of leucine side chains that form hydrophobic interface

23
Q

What is the promoter?

A

transcription start site

24
Q

What can be far upstream or downstream of transcriptional start site?

A

Enhancers

25
Q

What interacts with seceral transcription factors/ regulators to regulate transcription initiation of a gene?

A

the mediator complex

26
Q

What are repressors?

A

repressors are either physically competing for the DNA binding site or are suppressing transcription via the mediator complex

27
Q

What is the transcription factor or regulator?

A

DNA binding protein that affects transcription initiation

28
Q

What is the transcription activator?

A

DNA binding protein that increases transcription of a gene

29
Q

what is a Transcription repressor?

A

DNA biding protein decreases transcriptionof a gene

30
Q

What is an enhancer?

A

DNA sequence that is recognized by a transcription activator

31
Q

silencer

A

DNA sequence that is recognized by a transcription repressor

32
Q

What is a promoter?

A

DNA region usually upstream of the transcription start site that contains enhancer/silencer sequences and RNA polymerase binding site

33
Q

What are the three different states of a gal promoter?

A

repressed, de-repressed and active

34
Q

What state does inhibitor proteins keep the promoter in?

A

repressed state

35
Q

What happens in the absence of glucose and galactose?

A

the repressors are not binding but the activator is blocked by Gal 80

36
Q

What happens in the presence of galactose and absence of glucose?

A

The gal80 repressor is removed by the galactose binding protein Gal3 and the promoter is active

Cell Biology (18 decks)

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