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Cell Biology > Final review 2 > Flashcards

Final review 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Actin filament/microtubule structure

A

twisted two stranded 8-9nm diameter

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2
Q

Microtubule structure?

A

Hollow tubes 24nm diameter

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3
Q

Intermediate filament structure?

A

rope-like structure, 10nm diameter

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4
Q

What is G-actin?

A

globular, monomeric actin

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5
Q

What is F actin?

A

filamentous actin polymer

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6
Q

What is a thin flexible filament that is highly dynamic?

A

F - actin

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7
Q

What end is the ATP binding site?

A

Minus end

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8
Q

What are sequestering proteins responsible for?

A

Important to maintain a high concentration of monomeric actin in the cell

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9
Q

What are the three responsibilities of actin networks?

A

Shape cells, move cells, and divide cells

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10
Q

What are myosin motors?

A

Force-generating ATPases that walk along actin cables

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11
Q

What is a tubulin subunit made of?

A

a and b tubulin

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12
Q

What tubulin binds tightly to GTP and does not hydrolyze the nucleotide?

A

A tubulin

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13
Q

What tubulin hydrolysis and exchanges the bound nucleotide?

A

B tubulin

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14
Q

A tubulin is bound to what and what is B tubulin?

A

a tubulin is bound to GTP whereas b tubulin is GDP-bound

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15
Q

What direction does kinesis go in while transporting cargo on microtubule tracks?

A

to positive end

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16
Q

What microtubule tracks goes to negative end?

A

Dynein

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17
Q

What initiates transcription?

A

promoter (TATA box)

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18
Q

what is the role of the TATA box?

A

Recruits general transcription factors

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19
Q

What does the general transcription factor recruit?

A

RNA polymerase

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20
Q

What direction does transcription run?

A

5’ to 3’ of coding strand

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21
Q

What is polyadenylation?

A

(poly A tail) the process where Adenines added to the 3’ end of the mRNA

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22
Q

What are the three steps mRNA needs to go through before it is able to be transported out of the nucleus?

A

Capped, polyadenylated, spliced

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23
Q

What is the role of nuclear lamina?

A

Structural support (intermediate filament)

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24
Q

What are the most abundant and largest protein complexes in the cell?

A

Ribosome

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25
Q

What is the role of tRNA synthase?

A

links proper amino acid to the corresponding tRNA

26
Q

What is the start codon?

A

ATG

27
Q

What happens at each site of the ribosome?

A

A site - first binding site of aminoacyl-tRNA
P site - tRNA linked to the polypeptide
E site - Exit site for the tRNA

28
Q

What is the chaperone Hsp 70 responsible for?

A

binds to hydrophobic regions and prevents aggregation of unfolded protein (gives the protein enough time to find the proper fold)

29
Q

What is the chaperon Hsp60 responsible for?

A

forms a large cavity that separated the unfolded protein from the cytosol and thus prevents aggregation

30
Q

What is the function of the ER?

A

Protein translocation, protein folding, protein glycosylation, protein quality control, calcium ion storage

31
Q

Where are transmembrane proteins and soluble lumenal proteins translated?

A

At the ER

32
Q

What terminus is luminal and which one is in the cytosol?

A

The N-terminus is lumenal, the C-terminus is in the cytosol

33
Q

What occurs in the N-linked glycosylation?

A

modification of the amino group

34
Q

What occurs during O-linked glycosylation?

A

modification of a OH group

35
Q

What happens to most proteins that are translated and translocated at the ER?

A

Become glycosylated

36
Q

What can glycosylation help with?

A

can increase stability of secreted proteins

37
Q

Why is glycosylation of surface proteins important?

A

for recognition of self versus foreign (immune system)

38
Q

In hydropathy, what does a positive number indicate?

A

hydrophobic

39
Q

What are Rab proteins?

A

small GTPases that act as regulators/switches

40
Q

Explain vesicle fusion with the golgi

A

the ER derived vesicles uncoat, tether with the Golgi, dock and fuse with the Golgi membrane

41
Q

What does small GTPases require to hydrolyze GTP and exchange GDp with GTP?

A

Require GAPs and GEFs

42
Q

What is the role of the golgi apparatus?

A

Protein sorting

43
Q

What side of the golgi aparatus receives vesicles?

A

cis side

44
Q

what side of the golgi forms transport vesicles that traffic to the endosome or the cell surface?

A

trans side

45
Q

What occurs in constitutive secretion?

A

delivery of plasma membrane proteins

46
Q

What is regulated secretion?

A

mainly used for secretion of regulatory proteins (insulin), fusion of vesicle with plasma membrane is regulated

47
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

engulfing of large particles and performed by macrophages

48
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

uptake of fluid-filled vesicles that are formed by clathrin

49
Q

What is the lysosome/vacuoles?

A

Acidic compartment with a large number of enzymes that degrade macromolecules

50
Q

What is a proteasome?

A

large protein complex that degrades poly-ubiquitinated proteins

51
Q

What is autophagy induced by?

A

starvation

52
Q

What is responsible for the degradation of soluble proteins in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus?

A

the proteasome

53
Q

What is autophagy?

A

is a degradation pathway for organelles and other large structures

54
Q

What does starvation cause?

A

the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins by autophagy which releases amino acids important to survive the starvation conditions

55
Q

What occurs during M phase of the cell?

A

cell divides

56
Q

What happens during G1 and S phase of the cell cylcle?

A

the cell grows in g1 and DNA replicate in S

57
Q

What phase is interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

58
Q

What is the cell cycle controlled by?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

59
Q

What chemical reaction do CDks assist with?

A

Phosphorylation of proteins that are responsible for the cell cycle

60
Q

Cyclins are ubiquinated and degraded by what?

A

proteasome

Cell Biology (18 decks)

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