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Cell Biology > Final review 3 > Flashcards

Final review 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the site of controlled ubiquination called?

A

degron

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2
Q

What are degrons controlled by?

A

Phosphorylation

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3
Q

What is the phase known as “point of no return”?

A

S phase

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4
Q

What is highly precise when copying DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

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5
Q

Explain okazaki fragments

A

at the lagging strand DNA polymerase synthesize DNA fragment by a back stitching mechanism

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6
Q

What provides starting primer for DNA polymerase?

A

Primase

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7
Q

What helps extend the template to the 3’ end of the DNA?

A

Telomerase

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8
Q

What are histones?

A

help package genome

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9
Q

What ties together the sister chromatids?

A

cohesion

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10
Q

What initiates microtubule formation?

A

centrosome

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11
Q

What is the microtubule system that forms between the two centrosomes

A

spindle

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12
Q

The ends of the microtubules attach to what of the sister chromatids?

A

kinetochores

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13
Q

How are the chromosomes pulled by the centrosome?

A

By microtubule shortening

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14
Q

Describe microtubule disassembly

A

microtubules disassemble at the kinetochores which moves a system of sliding rings towards the centrosome

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15
Q

What is DNA damage checkpoint initiated by?

A

p53

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16
Q

Why is p53 known as a Tumor Suppresor gene?

A

because a mutation to the p53 gene can cause increase in cancer

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17
Q

Germ cells vs stomatic

A

germ cells are gametes
stomatic cells are the rest of the organism

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18
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programed cell death

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19
Q

what is Necrosis?

A

Bursting of cell due to damage, causes inflamation

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20
Q

What morphology changes occurs during apoptosis?

A

Chromatin compaction, condensation of cytoplasm, the break of the nuclear envelope, nuclear fragmentation, blebbing, cell fragmentation

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21
Q

How is DNA fragmentation obeserved?

A

Agarose gel electrophoresis

22
Q

What occurs during DNA fragmentation during apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis activates nucleases that cleave off DNA

23
Q

Where do the nucleases cut the DNA?

A

Between the nucleosomes

24
Q

What is apoptosis executed by?

A

Caspases

25
Q

How is apoptosis activated from inside the cell? (intrinsic pathway)

A

cytochrome C

26
Q

Explain apoptosis from outside the cell (extrinsic pathway)

A

The killer lymphocyte with a Fas ligand comes to the target cell and connect to the Fas death receptor

27
Q

What are villi?

A

specialized epithelial areas of the gut that function in the absorption of nutrients

28
Q

Why must villi cells be constantly replaced?

A

because of the high turnover rate

29
Q

In the intestine, new cells are produced, where and by what?

A

bottom of the crypt by a set of stem cells

30
Q

What directly links the cytoplasm of neighboring cells?

A

gap junctions

31
Q

What forms a strong physical connection between cells?

A

Desmosomes

32
Q

What forms the extracellular matrix?

A

proteins and polysaccharide

33
Q

Regulatory steps of a protein in order

A

DNA, RNA transcript, mRNA in nucleus, mRNA in cytosol, protein, degraded protein

34
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

DNA binding proteins that regulate transcription initiation

35
Q

Homeodomains form what type of bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds with nucleobases

36
Q

What is a transcription activator?

A

DNA binding protein that increases transcription of a gene

37
Q

What is a transcription Repressor ?

A

DNA binding protein that decreases transcription of a gene

38
Q

What is an enhancer?

A

DNA sequence that is recognized by a transcription activator

39
Q

What is a silencer?

A

DNA sequence that is recognized by a transcription repressor

40
Q

What occurs during DNA methylation?

A

suppresses gene expression by attracting transcription reppresors

41
Q

What are the characteristics of cell-surface receptors?

A

signaling molecule are hydrophilic and requires signal transduction mechanism

42
Q

What are intracellular receptor characteristics?

A

signal is a hydrophobic molecule and binds directly to the intracellular receptor which often acts as a transcriptional regulator

43
Q

Nuclear hormone receptors are regulated by what

A

ligand-regulated transcription factors.

44
Q

What is the signal transduction pathway?

A
  • rapid relay of extracellular signal to the intracellular target
  • amplification of the signal
  • modulation of signal
  • integration of different signals
45
Q

Relaying signal by:

A
  • protein phosphorylation
  • GTP-binding proteins
  • protein-protein interaction
  • second messenger molecules such as cAMP, Calcium, IP3
46
Q

GPCRs have how many transmembrane domains?

A

7 domains

47
Q

The activated GPCR acts as what?

A

GEF

48
Q

What is a messenger in cell signaling?

A

Ca2+

49
Q

Why does Ca2 have a large affect on the cell?

A

Naturally Ca2+ levels are low so when raised cell is not adjusted

50
Q

What is caused by fertilization of an egg by a sperm?

A

Calcium influx resulting a response in plasma membrane that blocks a second fertilization

Cell Biology (18 decks)

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