15 study guide

Question 1

Sort the following types of cells in turnover time from fastest to slowest: Small intestine, fat cells, oocytes, lungs alveoli

Answer 1

Small intestine, lungs alveoli, fat cells, oocytes

Question 2

Match the following to their definition: Apoptosis, Necrosis
- Programmed Cell Death
- Bursting of the cell in response to damage.

Answer 2

Apoptosis - programmed cell depth
Necrosis - Bursting of the cell in response to damage

Question 3

True or False, Necrosis is a form of apoptosis?

Question 4

A cell undergoes apoptosis. Will the tissue of the cell experience inflammation? Explain why or why not.

Answer 4

4. No. Apoptosis includes the cell being engulfed by a macrophage and does not include an inflammatory response.

Question 5

What cell plays a role in cleanup during apoptosis?

Answer 5

Macrophage

Question 6

After tissue damage, intracellular contents of surrounding cells are released into the extracellular milieu. What type of cell death will be the most prevalent among these cells?

Answer 6

Necrosis

Question 7

During embryonic development, what process is responsible for the loss of cells in order to sculpt the body?

Answer 7

Apoptosis

Question 8

Define Trophic Factors

Answer 8

Survival Signals

Question 9

What is the role of trophic factors in maintaining cell growth and division? (What happens in the absence of these factors?)

Answer 9

The cell will undergo apoptosis as a regulatory mechanism.

Question 10

Why are developing neurons limited to one target cell (answer with the mechanism?)

Answer 10

10. Each target cell only releases enough survival factors to maintain one neuron.

Question 11

What is the term for a fragment of a cell that is being engulfed by a macrophage?

Answer 11

11. Apoptotic body

Question 12

True or False, the plasma membrane is asymmetric?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Fill in the blanks: ____ is a negatively charged lipid that is only found on the inner leaflet on the plasma membrane. If the plasma membrane loses ______ this lipid will be found on the cell surface, inducing _____.

Answer 13

Phosphatidylserine, asymmetry, apoptosis

Question 14

The Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA sequence GAATTC. If the following DNA sequence was exposed to EcoRI, how many fragments would there be?

Answer 14

2 fragments

Question 15

The Restriction enzyme HindIII cuts the DNA sequence AAGCTT. If the following DNA sequence was exposed to HindIII, how many fragments would there be?

Answer 15

4 fragments

Question 16

Which will move farther down a gel? A sequence of 5000 nucleotides or a sequence of 500 nucleotides?

Answer 16

500

Question 17

Enzymes that cut DNA are called?

Answer 17

Nucleases

Question 18

What is a nucleosome?

Answer 18

A complex of 8 histones with DNA wrapped around it. The basic unit of chromatin structure.

Question 19

During apoptosis, DNA is preferentially cut:

Answer 19

between the nucleosomes

Question 20

What kind of protein are caspases?

Answer 20

20. Proteases

Question 21

What triggers the caspase cascade?

Answer 21

Aggregation of procaspases by adaptor proteins.

Question 22

What molecule activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

Answer 22

Cytochrome C leaving the mitochondria

Question 23

What receptor will a Killer T cell bind in order to read an antigen (give the specific name not family)? What pathway does this binding activate?

Answer 23

MHC-1. Activates the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Question 24

What is the function of Blc-2?

Answer 24

Apoptosis inhibitor in vertebrates.

Question 25

What is another name for embryonic stem cells?

Answer 25

Pluripotent Stem cells

Question 26

What is the main function of intestinal villi?

Answer 26

Nutrient absorption

Question 27

True or False: Stem cells divide into two stem cells, one of which will differentiate and never divide again.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

True or False: a mutation in a stem cell will be present in all daughter cells.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Describe the movement of dividing cells throughout the intestinal crypt.

Answer 29

Stem cells sit at the bottom of the crypt and give rise to daughter dividing cells. These cells are pushed upwards by the formation of newer cells. As these cells move upward they continue dividing until they reach near the top. Here, they will finish differentiation and will no longer divide. After about 6 days, the cells at the very top of the villi will flake off and die.