Lecture 20 & 21- Animal Form and Function Flashcards
Animals share similar needs
- Obtain nutrients and O2
- Fight off infection
- Reproduce offspring
Anatomical variation is the outcome of ____
Evolution
Evolution results in a close match of _______ and _______
Form
Function
limitations to animal size and shape
- Physical and structural constraints
- Energetic constraints
- Evolutionary tradeoffs
tissues
groups of cells with similar appearance and common function
Organs
functional units comprised of different types of tissues
organ systems
groups of organs that work together
4 different types of tissue
- Epithelial
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
epithelial tissue
covers the outside of the body
- lines the organs and cavities of the body
different cell shapes leads to different ____
function
epithelial cells are closely ____
packed together
connective tissue
holds many tissues and organs together in a place
connective tissue cells are scattered through the _______
ECM
types of connective tissues
- loose
- fibrous
- bone
- adipose
- cartilage
loose connective tissue holds ___
organs in place
fibrous connective tissue is found in _____
tendons and ligaments
adipose connective tissue is responsible for ______
insulation and fuel
cartilage connective tissue is for ____
strong and flexible support
muscle tissue is responsible for ____
all types of body movement
the types of filaments of proteins that allow muscles to contract
actin and myosin
types of muscle tissue
- skeletal/ striated
- smooth
- cardiac
skeletal/ striated muscle is responsible for ____
voluntary movement
smooth muscle is responsible for ___
involuntary activities
cardiac muscle is responsible for the ___
contractions of the heart
nervous tissue is responsible for the
receipt, processing and transmission of information
animals use organ systems to manage internal factors like
- temp
- glucose levels
- pH
- Solute concentration
regulator
uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in face of external fluctuation
conformer
allows internal conditions to change with external changes
homeostasis
maintenance of internal balance even when external enviorment changes
response
physiological change to return to set point
set point
value that a particular factor needs to be maintained at
negative feedback
control mechanisms that damp’s it’s stimulus
stimuli are registered by two systems :
endocrine system
Nervous system
hormone defintion
secreted chemical that travels through body fluids and act on specific target cells in other parts of the organism
signals from the nervous system travel to a ____ location
specific
signals from the endocrine system travel _____
everywhere
shifts in signals leads to a shift in ____
set points
thermoregulation is
a process by which animals maintain body temp within normal range
heat can come from ____ or ______
internal metabolism
external enviorment
endothermic organisms get heat from
internal metabolism
ectothermic organisms get heat from
external sources
animals differ in whether their body temp is ______ or ______
variable
constant
Poikiloterm
body temperature varies with enviorment
Homeotherm
body temp is constant
ectotherms are not necessarily _____ and endotherms are not necessarily ____
poikilotherms
homeotherms
ways that animals externally balance heat
- radiation
- conduction
- evaporation
- conduction
radiation
heat radiates from objects
evaporation
removal of heat from surface of liquid (sweating)
convection
transfer of heat from air moving across a surface
conduction
transfer of heat through contact
five adaptations that help animals to thermoregulate
- insulation
- circulatory adaptations
- cooling by evaporative heat loss
- behavioral responses
- adjusting metabolic heat production
how does insulation assist thermoregulation
reduces flow of heat between an animal’s body and environment
How does the circulatory system assist with thermoregulation
provide a major route for heat flow between interior and exterior of body
how does vasoconstriction assist with thermoregulation?
Reduces blood flow to save heat
- response to cold
- narrower passageway
how does vasodilation assist with thermoregulation?
increases blood flow to cool the blood off
- response to hot
- larger passageway
The arrangement of blood vessels in marine mammals and birds allows for
countercurrent exchange
countercurrent exchange
transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions which reduces heat loss
Cooling by evaporative heat loss
when the environmental temp is above that of the body, evaporation can keep the body temp from rising
Behavioral responses when cold
- seek warm places
- orient toward heat sources
- huddle together
Behavioral responses when hot
- bathe
- move to cooler areas
- change orientation to minimize heat absorption
Thermogenesis
adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temp
Example of thermogenesis
- increased muscle activity
Non shivering thermogenesis
takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity
