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BIOS 044 > Lecture 20 & 21- Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Lecture 20 & 21- Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Animals share similar needs

A
  • Obtain nutrients and O2
  • Fight off infection
  • Reproduce offspring
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2
Q

Anatomical variation is the outcome of ____

A

Evolution

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3
Q

Evolution results in a close match of _______ and _______

A

Form
Function

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4
Q

limitations to animal size and shape

A
  • Physical and structural constraints
  • Energetic constraints
  • Evolutionary tradeoffs
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5
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells with similar appearance and common function

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6
Q

Organs

A

functional units comprised of different types of tissues

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7
Q

organ systems

A

groups of organs that work together

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8
Q

4 different types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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9
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers the outside of the body
- lines the organs and cavities of the body

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10
Q

different cell shapes leads to different ____

A

function

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11
Q

epithelial cells are closely ____

A

packed together

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12
Q

connective tissue

A

holds many tissues and organs together in a place

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13
Q

connective tissue cells are scattered through the _______

A

ECM

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14
Q

types of connective tissues

A
  1. loose
  2. fibrous
  3. bone
  4. adipose
  5. cartilage
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15
Q

loose connective tissue holds ___

A

organs in place

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16
Q

fibrous connective tissue is found in _____

A

tendons and ligaments

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17
Q

adipose connective tissue is responsible for ______

A

insulation and fuel

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18
Q

cartilage connective tissue is for ____

A

strong and flexible support

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19
Q

muscle tissue is responsible for ____

A

all types of body movement

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20
Q

the types of filaments of proteins that allow muscles to contract

A

actin and myosin

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21
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  1. skeletal/ striated
  2. smooth
  3. cardiac
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22
Q

skeletal/ striated muscle is responsible for ____

A

voluntary movement

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23
Q

smooth muscle is responsible for ___

A

involuntary activities

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24
Q

cardiac muscle is responsible for the ___

A

contractions of the heart

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25
Q

nervous tissue is responsible for the

A

receipt, processing and transmission of information

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26
Q

animals use organ systems to manage internal factors like

A
  • temp
  • glucose levels
  • pH
  • Solute concentration
27
Q

regulator

A

uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in face of external fluctuation

28
Q

conformer

A

allows internal conditions to change with external changes

29
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of internal balance even when external enviorment changes

30
Q

response

A

physiological change to return to set point

31
Q

set point

A

value that a particular factor needs to be maintained at

32
Q

negative feedback

A

control mechanisms that damp’s it’s stimulus

33
Q

stimuli are registered by two systems :

A

endocrine system
Nervous system

34
Q

hormone defintion

A

secreted chemical that travels through body fluids and act on specific target cells in other parts of the organism

35
Q

signals from the nervous system travel to a ____ location

A

specific

36
Q

signals from the endocrine system travel _____

A

everywhere

37
Q

shifts in signals leads to a shift in ____

A

set points

38
Q

thermoregulation is

A

a process by which animals maintain body temp within normal range

39
Q

heat can come from ____ or ______

A

internal metabolism
external enviorment

40
Q

endothermic organisms get heat from

A

internal metabolism

41
Q

ectothermic organisms get heat from

A

external sources

42
Q

animals differ in whether their body temp is ______ or ______

A

variable
constant

43
Q

Poikiloterm

A

body temperature varies with enviorment

44
Q

Homeotherm

A

body temp is constant

45
Q

ectotherms are not necessarily _____ and endotherms are not necessarily ____

A

poikilotherms
homeotherms

46
Q

ways that animals externally balance heat

A
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • evaporation
  • conduction
47
Q

radiation

A

heat radiates from objects

48
Q

evaporation

A

removal of heat from surface of liquid (sweating)

49
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat from air moving across a surface

50
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat through contact

51
Q

five adaptations that help animals to thermoregulate

A
  1. insulation
  2. circulatory adaptations
  3. cooling by evaporative heat loss
  4. behavioral responses
  5. adjusting metabolic heat production
52
Q

how does insulation assist thermoregulation

A

reduces flow of heat between an animal’s body and environment

53
Q

How does the circulatory system assist with thermoregulation

A

provide a major route for heat flow between interior and exterior of body

54
Q

how does vasoconstriction assist with thermoregulation?

A

Reduces blood flow to save heat
- response to cold
- narrower passageway

55
Q

how does vasodilation assist with thermoregulation?

A

increases blood flow to cool the blood off
- response to hot
- larger passageway

56
Q

The arrangement of blood vessels in marine mammals and birds allows for

A

countercurrent exchange

57
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions which reduces heat loss

58
Q

Cooling by evaporative heat loss

A

when the environmental temp is above that of the body, evaporation can keep the body temp from rising

59
Q

Behavioral responses when cold

A
  • seek warm places
  • orient toward heat sources
  • huddle together
60
Q

Behavioral responses when hot

A
  • bathe
  • move to cooler areas
  • change orientation to minimize heat absorption
61
Q

Thermogenesis

A

adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temp

62
Q

Example of thermogenesis

A
  • increased muscle activity
63
Q

Non shivering thermogenesis

A

takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

BIOS 044 (20 decks)

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