Lecture 20 & 21- Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Animals share similar needs

Answer 1

• Obtain nutrients and O2
• Fight off infection
• Reproduce offspring

Question 2

Anatomical variation is the outcome of ____

Answer 2

Evolution

Question 3

Evolution results in a close match of _______ and _______

Answer 3

Form
Function

Question 4

limitations to animal size and shape

Answer 4

• Physical and structural constraints
• Energetic constraints
• Evolutionary tradeoffs

Question 5

tissues

Answer 5

groups of cells with similar appearance and common function

Question 6

Organs

Answer 6

functional units comprised of different types of tissues

Question 7

organ systems

Answer 7

groups of organs that work together

Question 8

4 different types of tissue

Answer 8

1. Epithelial
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue

Question 9

epithelial tissue

Answer 9

covers the outside of the body
- lines the organs and cavities of the body

Question 10

different cell shapes leads to different ____

Answer 10

function

Question 11

epithelial cells are closely ____

Answer 11

packed together

Question 12

connective tissue

Answer 12

holds many tissues and organs together in a place

Question 13

connective tissue cells are scattered through the _______

Answer 13

ECM

Question 14

types of connective tissues

Answer 14

1. loose
2. fibrous
3. bone
4. adipose
5. cartilage

Question 15

loose connective tissue holds ___

Answer 15

organs in place

Question 16

fibrous connective tissue is found in _____

Answer 16

tendons and ligaments

Question 17

adipose connective tissue is responsible for ______

Answer 17

insulation and fuel

Question 18

cartilage connective tissue is for ____

Answer 18

strong and flexible support

Question 19

muscle tissue is responsible for ____

Answer 19

all types of body movement

Question 20

the types of filaments of proteins that allow muscles to contract

Answer 20

actin and myosin

Question 21

types of muscle tissue

Answer 21

1. skeletal/ striated
2. smooth
3. cardiac

Question 22

skeletal/ striated muscle is responsible for ____

Answer 22

voluntary movement

Question 23

smooth muscle is responsible for ___

Answer 23

involuntary activities

Question 24

cardiac muscle is responsible for the ___

Answer 24

contractions of the heart

Question 25

nervous tissue is responsible for the

Answer 25

receipt, processing and transmission of information

Question 26

animals use organ systems to manage internal factors like

Answer 26

- temp - glucose levels - pH - Solute concentration

Question 27

regulator

Answer 27

uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in face of external fluctuation

Question 28

conformer

Answer 28

allows internal conditions to change with external changes

Question 29

homeostasis

Answer 29

maintenance of internal balance even when external enviorment changes

Question 30

response

Answer 30

physiological change to return to set point

Question 31

set point

Answer 31

value that a particular factor needs to be maintained at

Question 32

negative feedback

Answer 32

control mechanisms that damp's it's stimulus

Question 33

stimuli are registered by two systems :

Answer 33

endocrine system Nervous system

Question 34

hormone defintion

Answer 34

secreted chemical that travels through body fluids and act on specific target cells in other parts of the organism

Question 35

signals from the nervous system travel to a ____ location

Answer 35

specific

Question 36

signals from the endocrine system travel _____

Answer 36

everywhere

Question 37

shifts in signals leads to a shift in ____

Answer 37

set points

Question 38

thermoregulation is

Answer 38

a process by which animals maintain body temp within normal range

Question 39

heat can come from ____ or ______

Answer 39

internal metabolism external enviorment

Question 40

endothermic organisms get heat from

Answer 40

internal metabolism

Question 41

ectothermic organisms get heat from

Answer 41

external sources

Question 42

animals differ in whether their body temp is ______ or ______

Answer 42

variable constant

Question 43

Poikiloterm

Answer 43

body temperature varies with enviorment

Question 44

Homeotherm

Answer 44

body temp is constant

Question 45

ectotherms are not necessarily _____ and endotherms are not necessarily ____

Answer 45

poikilotherms homeotherms

Question 46

ways that animals externally balance heat

Answer 46

- radiation - conduction - evaporation - conduction

Question 47

radiation

Answer 47

heat radiates from objects

Question 48

evaporation

Answer 48

removal of heat from surface of liquid (sweating)

Question 49

convection

Answer 49

transfer of heat from air moving across a surface

Question 50

conduction

Answer 50

transfer of heat through contact

Question 51

five adaptations that help animals to thermoregulate

Answer 51

1. insulation 2. circulatory adaptations 3. cooling by evaporative heat loss 4. behavioral responses 5. adjusting metabolic heat production

Question 52

how does insulation assist thermoregulation

Answer 52

reduces flow of heat between an animal's body and environment

Question 53

How does the circulatory system assist with thermoregulation

Answer 53

provide a major route for heat flow between interior and exterior of body

Question 54

how does vasoconstriction assist with thermoregulation?

Answer 54

Reduces blood flow to save heat - response to cold - narrower passageway

Question 55

how does vasodilation assist with thermoregulation?

Answer 55

increases blood flow to cool the blood off - response to hot - larger passageway

Question 56

The arrangement of blood vessels in marine mammals and birds allows for

Answer 56

countercurrent exchange

Question 57

countercurrent exchange

Answer 57

transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions which reduces heat loss

Question 58

Cooling by evaporative heat loss

Answer 58

when the environmental temp is above that of the body, evaporation can keep the body temp from rising

Question 59

Behavioral responses when cold

Answer 59

- seek warm places - orient toward heat sources - huddle together

Question 60

Behavioral responses when hot

Answer 60

- bathe - move to cooler areas - change orientation to minimize heat absorption

Question 61

Thermogenesis

Answer 61

adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temp

Question 62

Example of thermogenesis

Answer 62

- increased muscle activity

Question 63

Non shivering thermogenesis

Answer 63

takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity