Lecture 11- Phylogenies

Question 1

Allele frequencies are equal to

Answer 1

the frequency of a gamete carrying that allele

Question 2

p^2 + 2pq +q&2=

Answer 2

1, will always add to 1

Question 3

Equation to determine homozygous dominant offspring

Answer 3

p^2

Question 4

determining homozygous recessive offspring

Answer 4

q^2

Question 5

determining the heterozygous offspring

Answer 5

2pq

Question 6

When is a population not in HW

Answer 6

when the observed frequencies do not equal the expected frequencies under the HW principle

Question 7

basal taxon

Answer 7

diverged earliest from the group (least related to everything else on the tree)

Question 8

Sister Taxa

Answer 8

share an intermediate common ancestor not shared by any other organisms on the tree

Question 9

The more recent the branching is, the more ______ related they are

Answer 9

closely

Question 10

Taxa

Answer 10

organisms at the end of lines

Question 11

Branches of phylogenetic trees can be rotated around _______ without changing the meaning of the tree

Answer 11

branch points

Question 12

When comparing trees to see if they are the same begin by looking at

Answer 12

sister taxa

Question 13

often branching patterns match

Answer 13

phenotypic similarity patterns

Question 14

Analogies

Answer 14

similarities between organisms that are due to convergent evolution

Question 15

Homologies

Answer 15

phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry

Question 16

Proximity at the tips is ____important than the path through the tree that connects them

Answer 16

LESS

Question 17

What tells you if a species is more closely related than another

Answer 17

closest most recent common ancestor (closer MRCA= closer related)

Question 18

Convergent evolution

Answer 18

Different lineages produce the same traits due to similar pressures

Question 19

Cladistics

Answer 19

common ancestry is primary criterion used to classify organisms

Question 20

Clade

Answer 20

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 21

the same derived trait occurring multiple times (in different locations), is an indicator that ______ _______ occurred

Answer 21

Convergent Evolution

Question 22

Monophyletic group

Answer 22

a species that includes all ancestors and descendants (same as a clade)

Question 23

Paraphyletic group

Answer 23

includes a common ancestor and some but NOT ALL descendants

Question 24

Polyphyletic group

Answer 24

Includes all descendants but not the common ancestor

Question 25

polyphyletic groups are a signature of

Answer 25

convergent evolution

Question 26

When to multiply probabilities?

Answer 26

When one event occurs AND another event occurs

Question 27

When to add probabilities

Answer 27

When one event occurs OR another event occurs