Lecture 13- Archaea and Bacteria

Question 1

Microbiome definition

Answer 1

Community of microorganisms that inhabit a particular environment or organism, playing a crucial role in various biological processes.

Question 2

bacterial colony definition

Answer 2

Visible cluster of bacterial cells that have grown and multiplied on an agar plate.

Question 3

Enrichment culture definition

Answer 3

a growth of bacteria where there are certain conditions that enrich bacteria w/ certain qualities

Question 4

Steps to enrichment cultures

Answer 4

1. Environmental sample with many types of cells
2. Culture the sample
3. Select specific environment conditions (temp, salt, nutrients, etc)
4. Isolote the cells that grow rapidly

Question 5

The goal of enriching cultures

Answer 5

detect and obtain cells with specific characteristics

Question 6

Difference in characteristics between archaea and bacteria

Answer 6

bacteria have peptidoglycan in the cell wall while archaea don’t

Question 7

Extremophiles definition

Answer 7

organisms that THRIVE in high-salt, high-temp, low-temp, or high-pressure environments

Question 8

Why are tardigrades not considered extremophiles?

Answer 8

They endure extreme conditions, not thrive in them.

Question 9

How to comment on the diversification of bacteria and archaea?

Answer 9

1. Genetic variation
2. morphological diversity
3. metabolism

Question 10

Lateral gene transfer allows for the acquisition of diverse traits which include:

Answer 10

1. transformation
2. transduction
3. conjugation

Question 11

Transformation definition

Answer 11

bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from the environment released by cell lysis or secreted

Question 12

Transduction definition

Answer 12

viruses pick up DNA from one prokaryotic cell and transfer it to another cell

Question 13

Conjugation definition

Answer 13

genetic information transferred by direct cell to cell contact- includes an event called plasmid transfer

Question 14

Process of DNA transfer by transformation

Answer 14

1. dead cell releases DNA into the environment
2. New DNA incorporated into living cell by recombination

Question 15

Process of DNA transfer by transduction

Answer 15

1. Bacteriophage infects host which produces phages with both viral and bacterial DNA
2. Bacteriophage injects donor DNA into the recipient bacterial cell.

Question 16

Process of recombination via conjugation

Answer 16

1. portion of main chromosome is copied and transferred through conjugation tube to recipient cell
2. transferred portion of chromosome recombines with chromosome in recipient cell

Question 17

Plasmid transfer via conjugation

Answer 17

1. two bacterial cells come into contact. one cell contains plasmid
2. copy of plasmid is transferred from donor cell to recipient cell through a conjugation tube

Question 18

how can genetic variation can translate to morphological diversity

Answer 18

• Varied size
• Varied Shape
• Varied motility

Question 19

Gram positive definition

Answer 19

• most cells dye purple
• contain peptidoglycan cell wall

Question 20

Gram negative definition

Answer 20

• most cells dye pink
• contain two cell walls sandwiching a peptidoglycan layer

Question 21

Fundamental needs of organisms

Answer 21

• Acquire chemical energy
• obtain molecules with C-C bonds

Question 22

Autotrophs definition

Answer 22

C-C bonds Self synthesized from CO2, CH4, or other simple molecules

Question 23

Heterotrophs

Answer 23

C-C bonds from molecules produced by other molecules

Question 24

Phototrophs

Answer 24

energy acquisition from sunlight

Question 25

Chemoorganotrophs

Answer 25

energy acquisition from organic molecules

Question 26

Chemolithotrophs

Answer 26

energy acquisition from inorganic molecules

Question 27

What is 16S rRNA gene profiling

Answer 27

identifying and classifying bacteria based on variation in the 16S rRNA gene

Question 28

Steps for 16S rRNA gene profiling

Answer 28

1. DNA extracted from sample
2. PCR amplification
3. Sequencing
4. Data analysis
5. profiling

Question 29

When would you use 16s rRNA profiling

Answer 29

used when a broad overview of microbial communities diversity and composition is needed