Lecture 15 & 16- Plants

Question 1

Common traits among plants and algae

Answer 1

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Photosynthetic autotrophs
• cellulose in cell walls containing chloroplasts with chlorophyll

Question 2

Closest relative to land plants

Answer 2

Charophyte algae

Question 3

Charophytes have a coating of ____

Answer 3

sporopollenin

Question 4

Sporopollenin is also found in

Answer 4

plant spore walls

Question 5

sporopollenin definition

Answer 5

polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out

Question 6

Challenges to plants living on land?

Answer 6

• Scarcity of H20
• Lack of structural support against gravity

Question 7

Benefits to plants living on land

Answer 7

• Lots of CO2
• Nutrient-rich soil
• Unfiltered sunlight

Question 8

Key derived traits in land plants

Answer 8

• Alternation of generations
• walled spores produced in sporangia
• apical meristems
• cuticle and stomata

Question 10

Some multicellular eukaryotes alternate between _____ and ______ multicellular forms

Answer 10

haploid, diploid

Question 11

Define alternation of generations

Answer 11

one phase of life cycle based on haploid form and another based on diploid form

Question 12

Gametophyte definition

Answer 12

multicellular haploid form
- specialized cells produce gametes by mitosis

Question 13

Sporophyte definition

Answer 13

Multicellular diploid form
- cells produce spores by meiosis

Question 14

Mitosis produces

Answer 14

two diploid daughter cells

Question 15

Meiosis produces

Answer 15

four haploid daughter cells

Question 16

Alternation of generations does not occur in _____ most closely related to land plants

Answer 16

algae

Question 17

Sporocytes produce more ____ than gametophytes produce _____

Answer 17

spores, gametes

Question 18

first land plants to evolve are _____

Answer 18

non vascular plants

Question 19

Non vascular plants are known as ____

Answer 19

bryophytes

Question 20

Examples of byrophytes

Answer 20

• mosses
• liverworts
• hornworts

Question 21

Characteristics of non vascular plants

Answer 21

• small stature (close to ground)
• No conducting tissues
• life cycles have dominant gametophyte

Question 22

Sporophytes produce spores in multicellular organs called

Answer 22

sporangia

Question 23

What makes spore walls resistant to harsh environments

Answer 23

sporopollenin

Question 24

First plants to grow tall

Answer 24

seedless vascular plants (ferns)

Question 25

Vascular plant-derived traits

Answer 25

- dominant sporophytes - transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem - well-developed roots and leaves

Question 26

Tall plants are more ____ because they could absorb more light

Answer 26

fit

Question 27

Most absorption of water and minerals take place in the ____, specifically the ____

Answer 27

roots, root tips

Question 28

Secondary roots are most responsible for

Answer 28

absorption

Question 29

Primary roots are most responsible for

Answer 29

anchoring the plant

Question 30

apical meristems are

Answer 30

localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots. Cells divide continuously enabling elongation of roots and shoots

Question 31

What is the difference between roots and shoots?

Answer 31

roots= underground Shoots= above ground

Question 32

split root systems

Answer 32

plant whose root has been split into different compartments that are isolated from each other.

Question 33

Essential elements definition

Answer 33

a chemical element that is required to form a plant to complete its life cycle and survive

Question 34

Macronutrients characteristics

Answer 34

- nine of essential elements - large amounts required - major components of plant structure

Question 35

Micronutrients characteristics

Answer 35

- 8 of essential elements - plants need tiny quantities - function mainly as enzyme cofactors

Question 36

Which macronutrient contributes most to plant growth

Answer 36

Nitrogen

Question 37

If a lacking mineral is _____ mobile then newer leaves will be affected

Answer 37

less

Question 38

Xylem definition

Answer 38

transports water and minerals from roots to shoots

Question 39

Phloem definition

Answer 39

transports photosynthetic products from where they are made to where they are needed

Question 40

________ provided the structural support and long-distance transport needed for plants to grow tall

Answer 40

Vascular tissue

Question 41

Xylem conducts most of the ______

Answer 41

water and minerals

Question 42

Tube-shaped cells in xylem

Answer 42

tracheids

Question 43

The cells in phloem tissue are arranged in _____ for transport of organic materials

Answer 43

tubes

Question 44

Vascular plants have well-developed systems for _______

Answer 44

transporting water and resources

Question 45

Functions of stems

Answer 45

- transport water and nutrients - provide structural support for leaves

Question 46

There is a ______ correlation between water availability and leaf size

Answer 46

positive

Question 47

Leaf area index

Answer 47

ratio of total upper leaf surface of a single plant divided by the surface area of land

Question 48

Plant features that impact light capture

Answer 48

- leaf size - Phyllotaxy - leaf orientation

Question 49

What is phyllotaxy

Answer 49

arrangement of leaves on a stem

Question 50

long distance transport of fluid occurs through _______

Answer 50

bulk flow

Question 51

Tension- cohesion hypothesis

Answer 51

transpiration provides the pull for the ascent of xylem sap, and the cohesion of water molecules transmits this pull along the entire length of the xylem

Question 52

_____ builds up as minerals are absorbed from soil when transpiration doesn't happen t night

Answer 52

root pressure

Question 53

What regulates the rate of transpiration?

Answer 53

stomata

Question 54

The more stomata present, the _____ water is lost

Answer 54

more

Question 55

Water and minerals are pulled up by ____

Answer 55

negative pressure

Question 56

Sugars are pushed by ______ both ways

Answer 56

positive pressure

Question 57

Water in living cells is usually under ___

Answer 57

positive pressure

Question 58

Direction of water flow is determined by _____ which means water flows towards the more ______ pressure

Answer 58

water potential, negative