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BIOS 044 > Lecture 15 & 16- Plants > Flashcards

Lecture 15 & 16- Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Common traits among plants and algae

A
  • Multicellular
  • Eukaryotic
  • Photosynthetic autotrophs
  • cellulose in cell walls containing chloroplasts with chlorophyll
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2
Q

Closest relative to land plants

A

Charophyte algae

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3
Q

Charophytes have a coating of ____

A

sporopollenin

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4
Q

Sporopollenin is also found in

A

plant spore walls

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5
Q

sporopollenin definition

A

polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out

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6
Q

Challenges to plants living on land?

A
  • Scarcity of H20
  • Lack of structural support against gravity
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7
Q

Benefits to plants living on land

A
  • Lots of CO2
  • Nutrient-rich soil
  • Unfiltered sunlight
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8
Q

Key derived traits in land plants

A
  • Alternation of generations
  • walled spores produced in sporangia
  • apical meristems
  • cuticle and stomata
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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Some multicellular eukaryotes alternate between _____ and ______ multicellular forms

A

haploid, diploid

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11
Q

Define alternation of generations

A

one phase of life cycle based on haploid form and another based on diploid form

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12
Q

Gametophyte definition

A

multicellular haploid form
- specialized cells produce gametes by mitosis

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13
Q

Sporophyte definition

A

Multicellular diploid form
- cells produce spores by meiosis

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14
Q

Mitosis produces

A

two diploid daughter cells

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15
Q

Meiosis produces

A

four haploid daughter cells

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16
Q

Alternation of generations does not occur in _____ most closely related to land plants

A

algae

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17
Q

Sporocytes produce more ____ than gametophytes produce _____

A

spores, gametes

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18
Q

first land plants to evolve are _____

A

non vascular plants

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19
Q

Non vascular plants are known as ____

A

bryophytes

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20
Q

Examples of byrophytes

A
  • mosses
  • liverworts
  • hornworts
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21
Q

Characteristics of non vascular plants

A
  • small stature (close to ground)
  • No conducting tissues
  • life cycles have dominant gametophyte
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22
Q

Sporophytes produce spores in multicellular organs called

A

sporangia

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23
Q

What makes spore walls resistant to harsh environments

A

sporopollenin

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24
Q

First plants to grow tall

A

seedless vascular plants (ferns)

25
Q

Vascular plant-derived traits

A
  • dominant sporophytes
  • transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
  • well-developed roots and leaves
26
Q

Tall plants are more ____ because they could absorb more light

A

fit

27
Q

Most absorption of water and minerals take place in the ____, specifically the ____

A

roots, root tips

28
Q

Secondary roots are most responsible for

A

absorption

29
Q

Primary roots are most responsible for

A

anchoring the plant

30
Q

apical meristems are

A

localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots. Cells divide continuously enabling elongation of roots and shoots

31
Q

What is the difference between roots and shoots?

A

roots= underground
Shoots= above ground

32
Q

split root systems

A

plant whose root has been split into different compartments that are isolated from each other.

33
Q

Essential elements definition

A

a chemical element that is required to form a plant to complete its life cycle and survive

34
Q

Macronutrients characteristics

A
  • nine of essential elements
  • large amounts required
  • major components of plant structure
35
Q

Micronutrients characteristics

A
  • 8 of essential elements
  • plants need tiny quantities
  • function mainly as enzyme cofactors
36
Q

Which macronutrient contributes most to plant growth

A

Nitrogen

37
Q

If a lacking mineral is _____ mobile then newer leaves will be affected

A

less

38
Q

Xylem definition

A

transports water and minerals from roots to shoots

39
Q

Phloem definition

A

transports photosynthetic products from where they are made to where they are needed

40
Q

________ provided the structural support and long-distance transport needed for plants to grow tall

A

Vascular tissue

41
Q

Xylem conducts most of the ______

A

water and minerals

42
Q

Tube-shaped cells in xylem

A

tracheids

43
Q

The cells in phloem tissue are arranged in _____ for transport of organic materials

A

tubes

44
Q

Vascular plants have well-developed systems for _______

A

transporting water and resources

45
Q

Functions of stems

A
  • transport water and nutrients
  • provide structural support for leaves
46
Q

There is a ______ correlation between water availability and leaf size

A

positive

47
Q

Leaf area index

A

ratio of total upper leaf surface of a single plant divided by the surface area of land

48
Q

Plant features that impact light capture

A
  • leaf size
  • Phyllotaxy
  • leaf orientation
49
Q

What is phyllotaxy

A

arrangement of leaves on a stem

50
Q

long distance transport of fluid occurs through _______

A

bulk flow

51
Q

Tension- cohesion hypothesis

A

transpiration provides the pull for the ascent of xylem sap, and the cohesion of water molecules transmits this pull along the entire length of the xylem

52
Q

_____ builds up as minerals are absorbed from soil when transpiration doesn’t happen t night

A

root pressure

53
Q

What regulates the rate of transpiration?

A

stomata

54
Q

The more stomata present, the _____ water is lost

A

more

55
Q

Water and minerals are pulled up by ____

A

negative pressure

56
Q

Sugars are pushed by ______ both ways

A

positive pressure

57
Q

Water in living cells is usually under ___

A

positive pressure

58
Q

Direction of water flow is determined by _____ which means water flows towards the more ______ pressure

A

water potential, negative

BIOS 044 (14 decks)

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