Lecture 2 Learning Memory Representation

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Taking in information from the environment in to your cognitive system.

Question 2

Action

Answer 2

Cognitive system sending instructions to perform actions to the environment.

Question 3

Disembodied Software

Answer 3

Works much in the same way our cognitive system functions, perceiving your actions on the specific software and perform actions based on your input and its programming.

Question 4

Distributed Cognition

Answer 4

Having cognitive systems working with a variety of people and technologies all interacting with each other. (giving each other perceptions and actions)

Question 5

Cognition

Answer 5

is the manipulation of representations.

Question 6

Memory

Answer 6

Is where representations are stored.
Animal brain, long-term and short-term memory.
Software, databases and symbols
Distributed System. Paper, brain, disk, environment manipulation.

Question 7

Sensory Memory

Answer 7

is like a scratch pad (for vision), or a bit of recording tape (for hearing), that can be overwritten with new things. It is re-written every few
seconds by new perceptions.

Question 8

Short Term Memory

Answer 8

is a temporary store. Some things from it end up becoming long term memories.

Question 9

Long term Memory

Answer 9

Probably stored here forever, though we might

have trouble with retrieval.

Question 10

Episodic Memory

Answer 10

A memory you have personally experienced like where you parked your car.

Question 11

Semantic Memory

Answer 11

A memory of basic facts.

Question 12

procedural memory

Answer 12

being able to remember to perform basic tasks (teeing shoes)

Question 13

working memory

Answer 13

The amount of information you can remember at one given time.

Question 14

The hippocampus (memory)

Answer 14

Appears to be important for transforming short term into long term memories.

Question 15

cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the motor

cortex. (memory)

Answer 15

Procedural memory

appears to happen in the

Question 16

Learning

Answer 16

Is changing memory with the purpose of preparing a system for better action in the future.

Question 17

Learning: Habituation

Answer 17

Diminution of a behavioral response with repeated stimulation. E.g the first time you hear loud noise (desensitization)

Question 18

Learning; Sensitization

Answer 18

When behavioral response is amplified by repeated exposure to a stimulus. E.g getting excited from getting a text.

Question 19

Learning: Classical Conditioning

Answer 19

Learning to associate two previously unrelated stimuli. Typically, this means that you learn to behave similarly to stimulus B as you do to stimulus A. E.g dog recognizing a leash being picked up for a walk.

Question 20

Positive reinforcement (strongest)

Answer 20

Someone smiles at you when you hold the door for him or her.

Question 21

Negative reinforcement

Answer 21

A baby screams until you give them candy. Then she stops. (Adult learning NR, baby learning PR)

Question 22

Positive punishment

Answer 22

You get burned by touching the hood of a car in the sun.

Question 23

Negative punishments

Answer 23

Your parents cut off your allowance because you lied.

Question 24

Practice

Answer 24

involves doing something over and over and learning how to do it better. It uses reinforcement and punishment to hone the skill.

Question 25

Play

Answer 25

is theorized to be a form of practice for future events.

Question 26

Learning; Imprinting

Answer 26

A time-sensitive learning in an animal that is insensitive to behavioral outcomes. E.g goose following mother swim

Question 27

Learning; Observational Learning

Answer 27

Learning that happens by observing another individual do something. E.g learning how to do something on YouTube.

Question 28

Learning; Testimony

Answer 28

When someone tells you something.

Question 29

Learning; Mentorship

Answer 29

We learn from others, and can teach each other.

Question 30

genetic learning

Answer 30

when environments change very slowly.

Question 31

Cultural learning

Answer 31

When environments change relatively quickly

Question 32

Content bias

Answer 32

Imitate the best idea

Question 33

Prestige bias

Answer 33

Imitate the most successful

Question 34

Conformist bias

Answer 34

Imitate the most common ways of doing things

Question 35

Individual learning

Answer 35

figuring out for yourself, perhaps influenced by the

Baldwin effect