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Alimentary System > Lecture 2 Embryology of the GI > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Embryology of the GI Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the time between fertilisation and implantation

A

1 week

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2
Q

When does the bilaminar germ layer arise

A

Week 2

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3
Q

What gene is responsible for establishing left sidedness

A

PTX2

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4
Q

What week does the trilaminar disc arise

A

Week 3

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5
Q

Define Gastrulation

A

This is when the bilaminar disc is converted into a trilaminar disc. Going from amnion sac and yolk sac to ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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6
Q

What is the primitive streak

A

Dip in epiblast where cells have started to divide

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7
Q

What structures are the ectoderm layer responsible for

A

Skin, nervous system, ear, nose, adrenal medulla

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8
Q

What structures are the mesoderm layer responsible for

A

Skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood, conceive tissue

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9
Q

What structures are the endoderm responsible for

A

Gut, liver, lungs, pancreas, urinary bladder

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10
Q

Describe Notochord formation

A

Some cells continue to proliferate and lose contact with ectoderm from primitive streak. The cells sunk down and form a solid tube

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11
Q

What is Neurulation

A

Notochord sends out a signal which acts on ectoderm and induces cells to form neural tube. neural plate sinks down and edges come together to form a tube once it loses contact with ectoderm

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12
Q

When does Organogenesis occur

A

Week 3 to 8

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13
Q

What are he 3 phases of embryo development

A
  1. Growth/proliferation
  2. Morphogenesis
  3. Differentiation
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14
Q

What is growth/proliferation during embryo development

A

Cell division and elaboration of products

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15
Q

What is morphogenesis during embryo development

A

Development of shape, size of a particular organ or body part

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16
Q

What is differentiation during during embryo development

A

Maturation of physiological processes

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17
Q

Exposure to teratogens during what weeks may causes congenital anomalies

A

Week4-8

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18
Q

The lateral plate of the mesoderm gives rise to what

A

Parietal and visceral mesoderm

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19
Q

When does the gut tube form from the endoderm lining of the yolk sac

A

3rd and 4th week

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20
Q

The gut tube is closed by what at its cranial end

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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21
Q

The gut tube is closed by what at its caudal end

A

Cloacal membrane

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22
Q

What gene is secreted from the endoderm and what does it induce in the gut

A

SHH and HOX

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23
Q

What does the foregut consist of

A

Pharynx,Oesophagus Stomach and upper duodenum

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24
Q

Where does the foregut develop from

A

The cranial part of the primitive gut

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25
Q

Where does the Laryngo-tracheal diverticulum (lung bud) develop from

A

The ventral wall of the foregut

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26
Q

What divides the foregut tube into the trachea and oesophagus

A

Tracheo-oesophagel septum

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27
Q

What week does the foregut dilate an form the stomach

A

4th

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28
Q

What creates the greater curve and lesser curve

A

Differential growth

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29
Q

What side is the greater curvature

A

Posterior

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30
Q

What side is the lesser curvature

A

Anterior

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31
Q

Describe the development the stomach undergoes

A

undergoes 90 degree rotation around town longitudinal axis. Ventral border now left side (LC), dorsal border right side (GC)

32
Q

The stomach undergoes an ____ to create final adult position

A

anterior-posterior

33
Q

What is the Mesogastrium

A

It is where the stomach is attached to both the dorsal and ventral wall by a mesentery called this

34
Q

What creates the mental bursa

A

Rotation along the longitudinal axis pulls the dorsal mesentery to the left created the lesser sac and the ventral mesogastrium is pulled to the right

35
Q

How many layers does the greater sac have

A

4 layers which become 2 layers of peritoneum and forms the transverse mesocolon

36
Q

What is the duodenum formed from

A

The caudal part of the foregut and the cranial part of the midgut

37
Q

What is the blood supply of the duodenum

A

Coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

38
Q

What part of the duodenum retains its dorsal mesentery

A

Dorsal cap

39
Q

When do the liver buds appear and what are they

A

middle of 3rd week

Outgrowths of endoderm (epithelia) in the distal end of the foregut

40
Q

The connection between the liver bud and foregut narrowing forms

A

The bile duct

41
Q

Ventral outgrowth from the bile duct forms

A

Gallbladder and cystic duct

42
Q

Where is the hepatic vein located

A

In the falciform ligament

43
Q

At the end f the 4th week the mesenchymal condensation develops in where

A

Dorsal mesogastrium

44
Q

What week does the mesenchyme differentiate into the spleen

A

5th

45
Q

What organ is a mesoderm derivative

A

Spleen

46
Q

Up to what week does the spleen act as a haematopoietic organ

A

14 week

47
Q

What happens to the spleen in week 15-17

A

Colonised by t-lymphocytes

48
Q

What happens to the spleen in week 23

A

the B cell precursors arrive and the spleen can start its lymphoid function

49
Q

How does the pancreas form

A

From 2 buds which grow from the endodermal lining in week 5. As the duodenum rotates ventral bud moves to lie closer to dorsal bud and in week 6 they fuse

50
Q

Name an development anomaly of the foregut

A

oesophageal atresia (no connection) and tracheo-oesophageal fistula (abnormal connection)

51
Q

What is the cause of anomalies in the foregut

A

if the tracheo-oesophageal septs deviates incorrectly then there is an incomplete separation of the lung bud (laryngo-tracheal tube) oesophagus and trachea

52
Q

What is the most common foregut anomaly

A

Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (90%)

53
Q

What causes annular pancreas and what are the consequences

A

Failure of ventral bud to migrate around duodenum to dorsal bud and may cause duodenal stenosis and pancreatic tissue may develop in other ares of the foregut (accessory pancreatic tissue)

54
Q

What is the midgut

A

Distal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appends, ascending colon, primal 2/3rds of transverse colon

55
Q

Describe the early development of the midgut

A

Rapid elongation of the gut tube and its associated mesentery described as the primary intestinal loop.

56
Q

What does the caudal part of the primary intestinal loop become

A

Distal ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon and proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

57
Q

What does the cephalic part of the primary intestinal loop become

A

Distal duodenum, jejunum and proximal ileum

58
Q

To reach adult pattern what must the primary intestinal loop undergo

A

Rotation and Herniation

59
Q

When does rotation of the primary intestinal loop occur

A

6th week

60
Q

Where does the rotation of the primary intestinal loop occur

A

Around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery 90 degrees anti-clockwise and the cranial part of the midgut is carried to the right

61
Q

When does physiological herniation occur

A

Week 6

62
Q

Describe physiological herniation

A

Gut tube herniated into the extra embryonic cavity in the umbilical cord

63
Q

What is the purpose of herniation

A

Allows the growth of the gut tube as there is not enough room due to the liver and kidneys

64
Q

When does the abdominal cavity become relatively spacious and also the loops to move back in

A

10th week

65
Q

Name a developmental anomaly in the midgut

A

Abnormal rotation
Omphalocele
Gastochisis
Remnants of vitelline duct

66
Q

What is Omphalocele

A

Herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring and the failure of the reaction of the ring

67
Q

What is Gastrochisis

A

Herniation of abdominal contents directly through the body wall through a weak area in the umbilicus in the amniotic cavity not covered by peritoneum or amnion

68
Q

Describe remnants of the vitelliue duct

A

Small vitelliue duct (remnants f yolk sac) persist in 2-4% of people and forms Meckl’s diverticulum, fistula or vitelliue cyst/ligament. Fistula will open and leak

69
Q

What is the hindgut

A

Distal 1/3rd transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of anal canal

70
Q

The endoderm of the hind gut also forms the

A

Lining of bladder and urethra

71
Q

Where does the terminal portion of the hindgut join with

A

Posterior part of the cloaca (primitive anal canal)

72
Q

What is the allantois

A

Bladder and urethrea

73
Q

What is Cloaca

A

Endoderm lined cavity with surface ectoderm at its ventral boundary

74
Q

Blood supply of foregut

A

Coeliac artery

75
Q

Blood supply of midgut

A

Superior mesenteric artery

76
Q

Blood supply of hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

77
Q

Name development anomaly of hindgut

A

Urorectal fistula
Rectovaginal fistula
Rectoanal atresia
Imperforate anus

Alimentary System (39 decks)

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