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Alimentary System > Lecture 2 Embryology of the GI > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Embryology of the GI Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the time between fertilisation and implantation

A

1 week

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2
Q

When does the bilaminar germ layer arise

A

Week 2

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3
Q

What gene is responsible for establishing left sidedness

A

PTX2

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4
Q

What week does the trilaminar disc arise

A

Week 3

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5
Q

Define Gastrulation

A

This is when the bilaminar disc is converted into a trilaminar disc. Going from amnion sac and yolk sac to ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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6
Q

What is the primitive streak

A

Dip in epiblast where cells have started to divide

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7
Q

What structures are the ectoderm layer responsible for

A

Skin, nervous system, ear, nose, adrenal medulla

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8
Q

What structures are the mesoderm layer responsible for

A

Skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood, conceive tissue

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9
Q

What structures are the endoderm responsible for

A

Gut, liver, lungs, pancreas, urinary bladder

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10
Q

Describe Notochord formation

A

Some cells continue to proliferate and lose contact with ectoderm from primitive streak. The cells sunk down and form a solid tube

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11
Q

What is Neurulation

A

Notochord sends out a signal which acts on ectoderm and induces cells to form neural tube. neural plate sinks down and edges come together to form a tube once it loses contact with ectoderm

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12
Q

When does Organogenesis occur

A

Week 3 to 8

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13
Q

What are he 3 phases of embryo development

A
  1. Growth/proliferation
  2. Morphogenesis
  3. Differentiation
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14
Q

What is growth/proliferation during embryo development

A

Cell division and elaboration of products

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15
Q

What is morphogenesis during embryo development

A

Development of shape, size of a particular organ or body part

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16
Q

What is differentiation during during embryo development

A

Maturation of physiological processes

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17
Q

Exposure to teratogens during what weeks may causes congenital anomalies

A

Week4-8

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18
Q

The lateral plate of the mesoderm gives rise to what

A

Parietal and visceral mesoderm

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19
Q

When does the gut tube form from the endoderm lining of the yolk sac

A

3rd and 4th week

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20
Q

The gut tube is closed by what at its cranial end

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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21
Q

The gut tube is closed by what at its caudal end

A

Cloacal membrane

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22
Q

What gene is secreted from the endoderm and what does it induce in the gut

A

SHH and HOX

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23
Q

What does the foregut consist of

A

Pharynx,Oesophagus Stomach and upper duodenum

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24
Q

Where does the foregut develop from

A

The cranial part of the primitive gut

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25
Where does the Laryngo-tracheal diverticulum (lung bud) develop from
The ventral wall of the foregut
26
What divides the foregut tube into the trachea and oesophagus
Tracheo-oesophagel septum
27
What week does the foregut dilate an form the stomach
4th
28
What creates the greater curve and lesser curve
Differential growth
29
What side is the greater curvature
Posterior
30
What side is the lesser curvature
Anterior
31
Describe the development the stomach undergoes
undergoes 90 degree rotation around town longitudinal axis. Ventral border now left side (LC), dorsal border right side (GC)
32
The stomach undergoes an ____ to create final adult position
anterior-posterior
33
What is the Mesogastrium
It is where the stomach is attached to both the dorsal and ventral wall by a mesentery called this
34
What creates the mental bursa
Rotation along the longitudinal axis pulls the dorsal mesentery to the left created the lesser sac and the ventral mesogastrium is pulled to the right
35
How many layers does the greater sac have
4 layers which become 2 layers of peritoneum and forms the transverse mesocolon
36
What is the duodenum formed from
The caudal part of the foregut and the cranial part of the midgut
37
What is the blood supply of the duodenum
Coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery
38
What part of the duodenum retains its dorsal mesentery
Dorsal cap
39
When do the liver buds appear and what are they
middle of 3rd week | Outgrowths of endoderm (epithelia) in the distal end of the foregut
40
The connection between the liver bud and foregut narrowing forms
The bile duct
41
Ventral outgrowth from the bile duct forms
Gallbladder and cystic duct
42
Where is the hepatic vein located
In the falciform ligament
43
At the end f the 4th week the mesenchymal condensation develops in where
Dorsal mesogastrium
44
What week does the mesenchyme differentiate into the spleen
5th
45
What organ is a mesoderm derivative
Spleen
46
Up to what week does the spleen act as a haematopoietic organ
14 week
47
What happens to the spleen in week 15-17
Colonised by t-lymphocytes
48
What happens to the spleen in week 23
the B cell precursors arrive and the spleen can start its lymphoid function
49
How does the pancreas form
From 2 buds which grow from the endodermal lining in week 5. As the duodenum rotates ventral bud moves to lie closer to dorsal bud and in week 6 they fuse
50
Name an development anomaly of the foregut
oesophageal atresia (no connection) and tracheo-oesophageal fistula (abnormal connection)
51
What is the cause of anomalies in the foregut
if the tracheo-oesophageal septs deviates incorrectly then there is an incomplete separation of the lung bud (laryngo-tracheal tube) oesophagus and trachea
52
What is the most common foregut anomaly
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (90%)
53
What causes annular pancreas and what are the consequences
Failure of ventral bud to migrate around duodenum to dorsal bud and may cause duodenal stenosis and pancreatic tissue may develop in other ares of the foregut (accessory pancreatic tissue)
54
What is the midgut
Distal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appends, ascending colon, primal 2/3rds of transverse colon
55
Describe the early development of the midgut
Rapid elongation of the gut tube and its associated mesentery described as the primary intestinal loop.
56
What does the caudal part of the primary intestinal loop become
Distal ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon and proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
57
What does the cephalic part of the primary intestinal loop become
Distal duodenum, jejunum and proximal ileum
58
To reach adult pattern what must the primary intestinal loop undergo
Rotation and Herniation
59
When does rotation of the primary intestinal loop occur
6th week
60
Where does the rotation of the primary intestinal loop occur
Around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery 90 degrees anti-clockwise and the cranial part of the midgut is carried to the right
61
When does physiological herniation occur
Week 6
62
Describe physiological herniation
Gut tube herniated into the extra embryonic cavity in the umbilical cord
63
What is the purpose of herniation
Allows the growth of the gut tube as there is not enough room due to the liver and kidneys
64
When does the abdominal cavity become relatively spacious and also the loops to move back in
10th week
65
Name a developmental anomaly in the midgut
Abnormal rotation Omphalocele Gastochisis Remnants of vitelline duct
66
What is Omphalocele
Herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring and the failure of the reaction of the ring
67
What is Gastrochisis
Herniation of abdominal contents directly through the body wall through a weak area in the umbilicus in the amniotic cavity not covered by peritoneum or amnion
68
Describe remnants of the vitelliue duct
Small vitelliue duct (remnants f yolk sac) persist in 2-4% of people and forms Meckl's diverticulum, fistula or vitelliue cyst/ligament. Fistula will open and leak
69
What is the hindgut
Distal 1/3rd transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of anal canal
70
The endoderm of the hind gut also forms the
Lining of bladder and urethra
71
Where does the terminal portion of the hindgut join with
Posterior part of the cloaca (primitive anal canal)
72
What is the allantois
Bladder and urethrea
73
What is Cloaca
Endoderm lined cavity with surface ectoderm at its ventral boundary
74
Blood supply of foregut
Coeliac artery
75
Blood supply of midgut
Superior mesenteric artery
76
Blood supply of hindgut
Inferior mesenteric artery
77
Name development anomaly of hindgut
Urorectal fistula Rectovaginal fistula Rectoanal atresia Imperforate anus

Alimentary System (39 decks)

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