Lecture 2/Chapter 6 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the structure of the body
Physiology
The study of the function of the body
Midline
In the front, directly in the middle of the body
Mid-Clavicular Line
Down the front of the body, in the middle of each clavicle
Anterior Axillary Line
On the side of the body, line that is down the front part of the body
Mid-Axillary Line
On the side of the body, line down the middle of the body
Posterior Axillary Line
On the side of the body, line down the back end of the body
Intercostals Spaces
Gaps between the ribs, count starting from the top
Flexion Extension
Straightening versus flexing a joint
Prone Position
Patient is on their stomach
Supine Position
Patient is on their back
Left/Right Lateral Recumbent Position
Patient is on their side in a half fetal position
Shock Position
Patient is laying on their back with their legs up
Trendelenberg Position
Patient is on their back with their head below their feet; not a good position
Reverse Trendelenberg Position
Patient is on their back with their feet below their head
Semi-Fowlers Position
Patient is somewhat sitting up
What do cells need to survive?
Oxygen and glucose
What happens to the body without oxygen?
Damage to the brain cells within 4-6 minutes, brain cell death within 10 minutes, kidney damage within 45 minutes, and muscle damage within 1-2 hours.
Why is anaerobic respiration bad?
It uses other things in the body when oxygen is not available. This produces lactic acid which can be toxic. Cells will begin to die if it goes on too long
What are the 5 major body cavities?
Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
Where are the kidneys located?
In the retroperitoneal space/the flanks
What are solid organs?
Organs that have high blood supply, i.e. the liver and the spleen
What are hollow organs?
Organs with low blood supply/are empty i.e., the stomach, uterus, and intestines.
Peristalsis
The movement of food through the digestive tract
How many bones and muscles are in the body?
206 bones and over 600 muscles
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Joints
Provides cartilage and allows movement
Tendons
Connects muscle to bone
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many sacrum vertebrae are there?
5
How many coccyx vertebrae are there?
4
What are all the bones in the hand?
Carpals in the wrist, metacarpals in the palm and phalanges in the fingers
What are the bones in the foot?
7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, and phalanges in the toes
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle of the heart, works with automaticity (involuntary)
Skeletal Muscle
Striated, voluntarily controlled muscle
Smooth Muscle
Works involuntarily and found in hollow organs
How much oxygen do we breathe in and out?
The air we breathe in is 21% oxygen, and we use 5% of it, so we breathe out the other 16%
What occurs during inhalation?
Oxygen enters the lungs, travels to the heart, and oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body from the heart
What occurs during exhalation?
CO2 is taken by blood, to the heart, then back to the lungs to be reoxygenated and CO2 leaves the body
What does the brain stem do?
Controls functions necessary for life, such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and RAS
RAS
Reticular activating system; controls consciousness
What does the medulla oblongata do?
Controls breathing
What occurs in the respiratory center?
Central chemo-receptors increase breathing rate as CO2 levels in the blood rise. This stimulates you to take a breath
What is the hypoxic drive?
The backup system for the respiratory center. Activated by low O2 to stimulate breathing instead of high CO2
What are the 2 circuits of the heart?
The right side (pulmonary) and the left side (systemic)
SA Node
Sino-atrial node; the pacemaker; 60-100 bpm; through the atria
AV Node
Atrioventricular node; the keeper; 40-60 bpm; through ventricles
What are the components of the blood?
Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
