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Anatomy 3010 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

A group of closely associated cells that perform related function and are similar in structure
Most organs contain 4 tissue types

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A 
Covers body surface or lines body cavity
Forms parts of most glands
Minimal extracellular material
Specialized contacts between cells
Avascular but innervated
Receives nutrients from underlying connective tissue
Quickly regenerates
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3
Q

Connective tissue

A 
Support
Connects other tissues together
Mostly right under epithelium
Most diverse and abundant tissue
Few cells, abundant cellular matrix
Common embryonic origin is mesenchyme
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4
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Movement, contractility

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Control, excitability

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6
Q

Functions of epithelia

A 
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
Diffusion
Filtration
Sensory reception
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7
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Single layer of cells attached to basement membrane

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8
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Multiple layers of cells

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9
Q

Squamous

A

Cells are wider than tall: plate like

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10
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cells are as wide as they are tall

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11
Q

Columnar

A

Cells are taller than they are wide

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12
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Diffusion and filtration
Secretes lubricating substances in serosae
Located in renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels (body cavities)

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13
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

Located in kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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14
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Adapted for protection from abrasion
Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar
Thickest epithelial tissue
Regenerates from below
Named according to shape of cells at apical layer

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15
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Generally two layers of cube-shaped cells
Protection
Located at ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands and largest sweat glands

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16
Q

Basement membrane and diabetes

A

Basement membrane can become thick

Due to increase amounts of glucose binding to proteins of BM: glycosylation, especially in eye or kidney

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17
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

May contain goblet cells
Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc
Ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

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18
Q

Location of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands

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19
Q

Location of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus

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20
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A 
All cell originate at basement membrane
Only tall cells reach apical surface
May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells, giving impression of stratification
Secrete mucus and propel mucus by cilia
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21
Q

Location of non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Ducts of male reproductive tubes

Ducts of large glands

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22
Q

Location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

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23
Q

Goblet cell

A

Unicellular exocrine gland
Shaped as goblet
Protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces

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24
Q

Kartengeer’s syndrome

A

Immotile cilia syndrome
Inherited disease
Frequent respiratory infections
Infertility

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25
Q

Keratinized simple squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis
Contains protective protein keratin
Waterproof
Surface cells are dead and full of keratin

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26
Q

Nonkeratinized simple squamous epithelium

A

Forms moist lining of body openings

27
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Several layers
Basal cells usually cuboidal, superficial cells elongated
Protection and secretion
Rare tissue type, found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

28
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
Basal cells cuboidal or columnar
Surface cells dome or squamous depending on stretch of organ
Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by containing urine
Lines ureters, bladder and part of uterus

29
Q

Main classes of connective tissue (4)

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone tissue
  4. Blood
30
Q

Important functions of connective tissue types

A

Forms basis of skeleton
Store/carry nutrients
Surround blood vessels and nerves
Lead fight against infection

31
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Composed of ground substance and fibers

Produced by cells of connective tissue

32
Q

Structural elements of connective tissue (2)

A
  1. Fibers

2. Ground substance

33
Q

Connective tissue fibers

A 
Support
Have unique properties
1. Collagen
2. Reticular 
3. Elastic
34
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Strongest

Resist tension

35
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Bundles of special type of cartilage

36
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Contain elastin, recoil after stretching

37
Q

Connective tissue ground substance

A

Usually gel-like substance containing proteoglycans and glycoaminoglycans
Cushions and protects body structures
Holds tissues fluid
Blood is an exception (plasma is not produced by blood cells)

38
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue

39
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular

40
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Collagen, elastic

41
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Main battlefield in fight against infection
Contains macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, WBC
All 3 types of fibers for support
Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance

42
Q

Location of areolar connective tissue

A

Widely distributed under epithelia

Forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs and surrounds capillaries

43
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Matrix is areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes
Provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss and supports/protects organs

44
Q

Location of adipose connective tissue

A

Under skin in the hypodermis, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen and in breasts

45
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers are parallel to direction of pull, few elastic fibers
Have more collagen than areolar connective tissue
Fibroblasts are located between collagen fibers
Poorly vascularized
Attaches muscles to bones, bones to bones

46
Q

Location of dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

47
Q

Dense elastic connective tissue

A

Dense regular connective tissue containing high proportion of elastic fibers
Allows recoil of tissue following stretching, maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

48
Q

Location of dense elastic connective tissue

A

Walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column, within the walls of bronchial tubes

49
Q

Blood tissue

A

Atypical connective tissue
Consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix
RBC, WBC
Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
Contained with blood vessels

50
Q

Covering and lining membranes

A

Consists of epithelial tissue sheet and underlying connective tissue

  1. Cutaneous membrane
  2. Mucus membrane
  3. Serous membrane
51
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin

Covers the body surface

52
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Lines body cavities that are open to the exterior

53
Q

Serous membranes

A

Simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium lying on areolar connective tissue
Produces serous fluid
Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior

54
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Most muscle cells are called muscle fibers

Cells contain myofilaments which contain actin and myosin

55
Q

Types of muscle tissue (3)

A
  1. Skeletal muscle tissue
  2. Cardiac muscle tissue
  3. Smooth muscle tissue
56
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, obvious striations

Voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expressions

57
Q

Location of skeletal muscle

A

Attached to bones or occasionally to the skin

58
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions: intercalating discs
Propels blod into the circulation, involuntary control

59
Q

Location of cardiac muscle

A

In the walls of the heart

60
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arrange closely to form sheets
Propels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary controls

61
Q

Location of smooth muscle

A

Mostly in the walls of hollow organs

62
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Neurons: branching cells, cell processes may be quite long
Nucleus containing cell body
Non-conducting support cells, neuroglia
Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors that control the activity of the effector organs

63
Q

Location of nervous tissue

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

64
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tisue

Anatomy 3010 (12 decks)

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