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Anatomy 3010 > Lecture 12 (Respiratory System) > Flashcards

Lecture 12 (Respiratory System) Flashcards

1
Q

Inspiration

A

Volume of thoracic cavity increases
Decreases internal gas pressure
Diaphragm flattens
Intercostal muscles contract and raise ribs

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2
Q

Deep inspiration (4)

A

Requires:

  1. Scalenes
  2. Sternocleidomastoid
  3. Pectoralis minor
  4. Erector spinae
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3
Q

Quiet expiration

A

Passive
Inspiratory muscles relax
Diaphragm moves superiorly
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases

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4
Q

Forces expiration

A

Active process

Produced by contraction of internal and external oblique and transverse abdominis

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5
Q

Pleurae

A

Double layered sac surrounding each lung
Parietal and visceral
Help divide the thoracic cavity, into ventral mediastinum and two lateral pleural compartments

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6
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

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7
Q

Trachea

A

C-shaped cartilage ring keeps airways open

Enters left and right bronchus

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8
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in pleural cavity, resulting in lung collapse

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9
Q

Symptoms of pneumothorax

A

Dyspnea, anxiety, tachycardia, pleural pain, asymmetrical chest wall expansion, decreased breath sounds

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10
Q

Causes of pneumothorax

A

Ruptured BLEB (COPD), thoracentesis, trauma, secondary infections

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11
Q

Treatment of pneumothorax

A

Chest tube

Oxygen

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12
Q

Diagnosis of pneumothorax

A

Chest X-ray

ABG’s

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13
Q

Respiratory organs

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
Pharynx, larynx, trachea
Bronchi, smaller branches
Lungs, alveoli

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14
Q

Conducting zone

A

Respiratory passageways that convey air

Filter, humidify, and warm incoming air

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15
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Site of gas exchange in the lungs

Includes structure that have alveoli

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16
Q

Nose/nasal cavity

A

Moistens, warms and filters air
Resonating chamber for speech
Skin contains many sebaceous glands
Continues to nasap pharynx

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17
Q

External nares

A

Nostrils

Divided by nasal septum

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18
Q

Choanae

A

Posterior nasal apertures that open into nasopharynx

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19
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Houses olfactory receptors, near roof of nasal cavity
Only an air passage
Closes off when swallowing
Vulva reflects superiorly

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20
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Goblet cells within epithelium
Underlying layer of lamina propria

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21
Q

Pharynx (3)

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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22
Q

Oropharynx

A

Faces, extends from soft palate to epiglottis

Stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Fauces

A

Archlike entraceway to oropharynx

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24
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Passageway for both food and air
Stratified squamous epithelium
Continues with esophagus and larynx

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25
Q

Nasal conchae/turbinates

A

Three
Project medially from lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Deflect particulate matter to mucus-coated surfaces
Filter heat and moisten incoming are
Reclaim moisture and heat during exhaling
Swell when sick
Secrete mucous

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26
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Air-filled spaces within frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
Makes bones lighter
Adds resonance to voice
Sinuses open into nasal cavity

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27
Q

Sinusitis

A

Infection within paranasal sinuses
Small holes become blocked because of swollen mucus membrane
Becomes pus after long

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28
Q

Tonsils

A

Collections of lymphoid tissue

Contains opening to pharygotympanic tube

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29
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

Adenoids
Located on posterior wall
Destroy entering pathogens

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30
Q

Tubal tonsils

A

Protect pharygotympanic tube from infection

31
Q

Tonsils of oropharynx (2)

A
  1. Palatine tonsils

2. Lingual tonsils

32
Q

Waldeyer’s ring (4)

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsils
  2. Tubal tonsils
  3. Lingual tonsils
  4. Palatine tonsils
33
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

In the lateral wall of the fauces

34
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Cover the posterior surface of the tongue

35
Q

Larynx

A

Extends from 4-6 cervical vertebrae
Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly
Opens into laryngopharynx
Inferiorly continuous with trachea

36
Q

Functions of larynx (3)

A
  1. Voice production
  2. Provides an open airway
  3. Acts as a sphincter to trachea
37
Q

Laryngeal prominence

A

Adam’s apple

38
Q

Cartilages of the larynx (9)

A
  1. Epiglottic
  2. Thyroid
  3. Cricoid
  4. Arytenoid (paired)
  5. Corniculate (paired)
  6. Cuneiform (paired)
39
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Shield shaped

Forms laryngeal prominence

40
Q

Epiglottis

A

Tips inferiorly during swallowing

41
Q

Vocal ligaments of larynx (2)

A
  1. Vocal folds

2. Vestibular folds

42
Q

Vocal folds

A

True vocal cords

Act in sounds production

43
Q

Vestibular folds

A

False vocal cords

No role in sound production

44
Q

Rima glottides

A

Medial opening between vocal folds

45
Q

Trachealis

A

Located between open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea

46
Q

Carina

A

Marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi

47
Q

Sternal angle

A

Surface marking of carina

48
Q

Apex of lung

A

Top

49
Q

Base of lung

A

Concave inferior surface

50
Q

Hilium

A

Indentation on mediastinal surface

Region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit the lung

51
Q

Cardiac notch

A

Indentation of left lung from heart

52
Q

Left lung

A

Superior and inferior lobes divided by oblique fissure

Cardiac notch

53
Q

Oblique fissure (left)

A

Divided superior and inferior lobes of heart

54
Q

Right lung

A

Superior, middle and inferior lobes

55
Q

Horizontal fissure

A

Divided superior and middle lobes of right lung

56
Q

Oblique fissure (right)

A

Divides middle and inferior lobes of right lung

57
Q

Root

A

Structures that enter and leave the lung at the hilum

Blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves

58
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Extensively branching respiratory passageways

59
Q

Primary bronchi

A

Main bronchi

Largest bronchi

60
Q

Right main bronchi

A

Wider and shorter than the left

61
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Lobar bronchi

Branch into each lung segment

62
Q

Bronchioles

A

No cartilage
Only smooth muscle
Little bronchi, less than 1mm in diameter

63
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Less than 0.5mm in diameter

Lead to respiratory bronchioles

64
Q

Bronchi vs. bronchioles

A

Bronchi have cartilage

65
Q

Bronchial tree: changes in supportive connective tissue

A

C shaped rings replaced by cartilage plates

66
Q

Bronchial tree: changes in epithelial tissue

A

Initially pseudostratified ciliated columnar, replaced by simple columnar, then simple cuboidal

67
Q

Bronchial asthma

A

Type of allergic inflammation
Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or stress
Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle
Secretion of mucous into airways

68
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Gas exchange occurs where smooth muscle is absent
Branch from terminal bronchioles
Lead to alveolar ducts, then sacs

69
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Grouping of many alveolar sacs

70
Q

Alveolar pores

A

Within alveolar sacs

71
Q

Alveoli

A

~400 million
Tremendous surface area for gas exchange
Ringle layer of simple squamous epithelial cells

72
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Alveolar and capillary walls plus their basal lamina

Made of type I alveolar cells

73
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Secrete surfactant which reduces surface tension within alveoli

74
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Remove tiniest inhaled particles, migrate into bronchi

Ciliary action takes alveolar macrophages to pharynx

Anatomy 3010 (12 decks)

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