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Anatomy 3010 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of body function

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3
Q

Anatomical terminology

A

Based on ancient Greek or Latin

Provides standard nomenclature worldwide

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4
Q

Subdisciplines of anatomy (3)

A
  1. Gross anatomy
  2. Surface anatomy
  3. Microscopic anatomy
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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Regional or systemic
Macroscopic
Regional is choice during dissection

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6
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Based on landmarks

Relevant clinically

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7
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Histology
Need aid to see
Cellular and subcellular levels

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8
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

Throughout life, through aging

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9
Q

Embryology

A

Subset of developmental anatomy

Structural changes from gametogenesis to birth

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10
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

Pathology
Any pathological changes
Microscopic, gross pathology

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11
Q

Functional morphology

A

Relating structure to function

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12
Q

Hierarchy of structural organization (6)

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ system
  6. Organismal
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13
Q

Regional terms

A

Axial region

Appendicular region

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14
Q

Axial region

A

Axis of body

Head, neck and trunk

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15
Q

Appendicular region

A

Appendages: upper and lower limbs

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16
Q

Standard directional terms

A

Used by professionals to describe location of one body part in relation to another

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17
Q

Anatomical position

A

A common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

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18
Q

Superior

A

Cranial
Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Above

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19
Q

Inferior

A

Caudal
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body
Below

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20
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body, on the inner side of

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21
Q

Lateral

A

Way from the midline of the body, on the outer side of

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22
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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23
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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24
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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25
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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26
Q

Anterior

A

Ventral

Towards the front of the body, in front of

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27
Q

Posterior

A

Dorsal

Towards or at the back of the body, behind

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28
Q

Superficial

A

External

Towards or at the body surface

29
Q

Deep

A

Internal

Away from the body surface, more internal

30
Q

Frontal plane

A

Coronal

Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

31
Q

Transverse plane

A

Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts

32
Q

Sagittal planes

A

Are vertical and divide the body into right and left parts
Medial (midsagittal) plane
Parasagittal: no longer in midline

33
Q

Human Body Plan (6)

A
  1. Tube-within-a-tube
  2. Bilateral symmetry
  3. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  4. Notochord and vertebrae
  5. Segmentation
  6. Pharyngeal pouches
34
Q

Tube-within-a-tube

A

Digestive tract within outer tube

35
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Midsagittal section gives two identical halves

36
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

In dorsal part of body

Brain and spinal cord and both hollow: hollow neural tubes

37
Q

Notochord and vertebrae

A

Surround spinal cord

Notochord is embryonic structure that triggers off development of the brain (mostly gone in fully developed human)

38
Q

Pharyngeal pouches

A

To do with pharynx
Parts of pharynx very similar between vertebrates
Slits are present in human embryos but disappear: middle ear cavity to throat

39
Q

Dorsal body cavity (2)

A

Consists of:

  1. Cranial cavity
  2. Vertebral cavity
40
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Consists of:

  1. Thoracic cavity
  2. Abdominopelvic cavity
41
Q

Thoracic cavity (2)

A

Divided into three parts

  1. Two lateral parts containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
  2. Mediastium containing the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac, contains the pericardial cavity
42
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity (2)

A

Divided into two parts

  1. Abdominal cavity
  2. Pelvic cavity
43
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains liver, stomach, kidneys and other organs

44
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Contains the bladder, some reproductive organs and rectum

45
Q

Serous cavities

A

Slit like space lined by serous membrane
Parietal covers outer wall of cavity
Visceral covers visceral organs

46
Q

Serous fluid

A

Produced by both layers of the serous membrane

47
Q

Abdominal quadrants

A

Right upper and lower

Left upper and lower

48
Q

Preparing human tissue for microscopy

A

Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned
Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures
Acid- blue, negatively charged dye molecules
Basic- pink, positively charged dye molecules

49
Q

Light microscopy

A

Illuminates tissue with a beam of light

50
Q

Electron microscopy

A

Uses beams of electrons

Details of cells inside

51
Q

Scanning electron microscopy

A

Heavy metal salt stain
Deflects electrions in the beam to different extents
Use tissue as a whole, do not need sections

52
Q

Artifacts

A

Minor distortions of preserved tissues

Not exactly like living tissues and organs

53
Q

X-ray

A

Electromagnetic waves of a very short length
Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures
Not in 3D, structures are compressed (shadows)

54
Q

Contrast X-rays

A

Barium (swallow, meal, meal follow through, enema)
Contrast medium
Allows tissues to be more prominent in X-ray
Mainly used to study digestive tract, does not cause any harm

55
Q

Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT)

A

Successive X-rays arounda person’s full circumference (usually 12)
Series of transverse sections
Uses same radiation as X-rays
Computer translates into detailed picture of body

56
Q

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

Contrast medium highlights vessel structure
Images taken before and after contrast medium injection
Computer subtracts before from after to identify blockage of arteries to heart wall and brain

57
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
Cells that are more active will take up more of the isotope

58
Q

Sonography

A

Ultrasound imaging: body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues

59
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Produces high quality images of soft tissues

Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content

60
Q

Skeletal system

A

Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework for muscles
Blood cells formed within bones
Stores minerals

61
Q

Muscular system

A 
Allows manipulation of environment
Locomotion
Facial expression 
Maintains posture
Produces heat
62
Q

Integumentary sytem

A

Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesizes VitD
Site of cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands

63
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Blood vessels transport blood
Blood carries oxygen and CO2, nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

64
Q

Respiratory system

A

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes CO2
Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in lungs

65
Q

Digestive system

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units

Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

66
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance

67
Q

Reproductive system

A

Male and female
Overall function to produce offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

68
Q

Nervous system

A

Fast-acting control system

Repsonds to internal and external changes

Anatomy 3010 (12 decks)

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