Lecture 2 1/24/24 Flashcards
What is the average equine vertebral formula?
C7 T18 L6 S5
What is the average bovine vertebral formula?
C7 T13 L6 S5
How do equine cervical vertebrae compare to canine cervical vertebrae?
equine vertebrae are longer
What are the characteristics of equine caudal vertebrae?
-first caudal vertebra fuses to the sacrum
-first moveable tail joint is Cd1-Cd2
Which space can be used for low epidural injections in the horse?
the space between Cd1 and Cd2
What are the characteristics of the cranial nuchal bursa?
-sits on the atlas
-consistently present
-problems with bursa known as “poll evil”
What are the characteristics of the caudal nuchal bursa?
-sits on the axis
-inconsistently present
What are the characteristics of the supraspinous bursa?
-spans T2 to T3
-consistently present
-trauma/infection of bursa causes fistulous withers
What are withers?
-the hight points of the spinous processes
-spans T2-T8
-peaks from T3-T5
What are the characteristics of the nuchal ligament?
-well developed in equine and bovine for grazing
-funicular part runs from skull to T3
-laminar part runs from C2-C5 to T3
What are the characteristics of the supraspinous ligament?
-fibrous “continuation” of the nuchal ligament
-runs from T3 to sacrum
What are the characteristics of the dorsoscapular ligament?
-arises from lateral portion of thoracolumbar fascia
-inserts on medial aspect of scapula
-elastic lamina interdigitates with serratus ventralis m.
-anchors forelimb to trunk
Where is the external jugular vein located?
within the jugular groove
Which muscles form the boundaries of the jugular groove?
-dorsal: brachiocephalicus m.
-ventral: sternocephalicus m.
What are the characteristics of the omohyoideous m.?
-lays between the ext. jug. v. and carotid sheath in cranial half of the cervical region
-“protects” common carotid a.
-very thin muscle
