Lecture 18 3/20/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nuchal crest?

A

transverse ridge at the highest point of the occipital bone

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2
Q

When is the nuchal crest most prone to fracture?

A

when horses rear up in confined areas

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3
Q

Where is the rostral process of the nasal bone?

A

caudal to dorsal part of the nose

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4
Q

When is the rostral process of the nasal bone susceptible to fracture?

A

when a lead rope/halter is pulled on while it sits over the bone

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5
Q

What is the nasoincisive notch?

A

angle formed between the nasal bone and incisive bone

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6
Q

What is the facial crest?

A

ridge of bone that projects laterally from the zygomatic bone and maxilla

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7
Q

Which vein runs ventral to the facial crest?

A

transverse facial v.

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8
Q

What is the infraorbital foramen?

A

rostral opening of infraorbital canal

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9
Q

What is the role of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone?

A

protects the eye by completing the lateral aspect of the bony orbit

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10
Q

How does the zygomatic process of the frontal bone differ between canine and equine/bovine?

A

-canine has a ligament
-equine/bovine has bone

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11
Q

Where is the supraorbital foramen located?

A

over the orbit in the base of the zygomatic process

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12
Q

Which nerve runs through the mandibular foramen?

A

inferior alveolar n.

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13
Q

Which lines are used to approximate the mandibular foramen?

A

-line from lateral commissure to angle of the mandible
-occlusal level of the cheek teeth caudally

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14
Q

Which vessel in the notch for facial vessels can be used to evaluate the equine pulse?

A

facial a.

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15
Q

What is the mental foramen?

A

opening on the rostral, lateral side of the mandibular body halfway between the corner incisor and the first cheek tooth

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16
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

embryologic expansions from the nasal cavity into the diploë

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17
Q

What is the diploë?

A

spongy, cancellous bony tissue between the internal and external layers of the skull

18
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the sinuses?

A

resp. epithelium

19
Q

What is the function of the maxillary sinus?

A

used to repel cheek teeth

20
Q

What is the function of the frontal sinus?

A

used with maxillary sinus to repel M3

21
Q

How do the frontal and maxillary sinuses communicate?

A

frontomaxillary opening

22
Q

How do the sinuses change as the animal ages?

A

-more filled with teeth roots at a younger age
-teeth roots move down as horse ages

23
Q

What are the branches of CN5/trigeminal nerve?

A

-ophthalmic
-maxillary
-mandibular

24
Q

Which nerve blocks follow the trigeminal nerve?

A

-infraorbital nerve block
-supraorbital nerve block
-mental nerve block

25
What are the characteristics of the infraorbital nerve block?
-blocked at infraorbital foramen -anesthetizes nose, upper lip, upper incisors
26
What are the characteristics of the supraorbital nerve block?
-blocked at supraorbital foramen -anesthetizes upper eyelid
27
What are the characteristics of the mental nerve block?
-blocked at mental foramen -anesthetizes lower lip
28
What are the auriculopalpebral nerve block?
-blocked as it crosses highest point of zygomatic arch caudal to eye -immobilizes eyelid but does not block sensation -blocks branch of facial nerve/CN7
29
What are the branches of the facial n.?
-dorsal buccal -ventral buccal
30
When can unintentional damage to the facial n. occur?
during surgical procedures where the horse is down while still wearing a halter
31
What are the characteristics of the guttural pouch?
-caudoventral expansion of auditory tube -located between base of skull, atlas, and pharynx -distends when its opening is blocked; enlarges caudally
32
Which bone divides the guttural pouch into medial and lateral compartments?
stylohyoid bone
33
Which structures are associated with the caudal aspect of the medial guttural pouch compartment?
-CN9 -CN10 -CN11 -CN12 -internal carotid artery
34
Which structure provides surgical access to the guttural pouch?
Viborg's triangle
35
What are the boundaries of Viborg's triangle?
cranial: ramus of mandible ventral: linguofacial vein dorsocaudal: tendon of sternocephalicus m.
36
Why is it important that the internal carotid a. passes through the guttural pouch?
helps to cool down the blood before it goes to the brain
37
How do the parotid duct, facial artery, and facial vein orient?
rostral to caudal order: -facial a. -facial v. -parotid duct
38
What are the characteristics of the bovine frontal bone?
-large -parietal bone further back -occipital bone further down
39
What are the characteristics of the bovine frontal sinus?
-expands along top/back of head -grows over time -not present in neonate
40
What is the bovine cornual diverticulum?
extension of frontal sinus into the horn