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Histology > Lecture 18: Immune lymphatic systems > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Immune lymphatic systems Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity

A

Lacks immune specificity and memory
Respons=inflammation
Neutrophils are first responders

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2
Q

Aquired immunity

A

Develops in response to antigens
More powerful than innate
Takes longer to develop
Displays specificity and memory

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3
Q

Passive immunity

A

Temporary immunity due to donated antibodies (i.e., transplacental passing of maternal antibodies to fetus)

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4
Q

Active immunity

A

Long lasting/permanent immunity due to self exposure to antigen resulting in memory T cells and B cells specific for antigen

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5
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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6
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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7
Q

Primary lymph follicle

A

Spherical, tightly packed accumulations of virgin B cells and dendritic reticular cells that have not been exposed to antigens

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8
Q

Secondary lymph follicle

A

Are derived from primary follicles that have been exposed to nonself antigens
Are not present at birth
Contain cortex and germinal center

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9
Q

All immune system cells originate in

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

IgA

A

Found in saliva, milk, GU and respiratory tracts

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11
Q

IgD

A

Found on surface of B cells traveling to lymphoid organs

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12
Q

IgG

A

Major Ig in blood

Responsible for most antibody activity

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13
Q

IgE

A

Associated with allergic responses

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14
Q

IgM

A

First antibody class expressed by developing B cells

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15
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products function

A

Main function of MHC gene products is the presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells

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16
Q

MHC I

A

Expressed on the surface of all cells except trophoblast and RBC

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17
Q

MHC II

A

Expressed on the surface of B cells and antigen-presenting cells

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18
Q

CD8+ T cells

A

Bind to antigen presenting cell- MHC I molecules

Release perforins and fas ligand

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19
Q

CD4+ cells

A

Recognize antigens bound to MHC II molecules
Helper cells- Assist CD8+ T cell differentiation
Assist B cell differentiation

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20
Q

CD16+ T cells

A

Natural killer T cell

Activated by tumor cell antigens and release cytokines

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21
Q

Complement system definition

A

Array of about 20 serum proteins which are synthesized in the liver and found in the blood

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22
Q

Classic pathway activation

A

Antibody binding to a pathogen

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23
Q

Alternate pathway activation

A

Directly activated by pathogen

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24
Q

First steps in compliment cascade

A

Immunoglobulins bind to surface of pathogen
C1q binds to Fc region of Ig
Activates C1r
Activates C1s

25
Q

Most important opsonin

A

C3b

26
Q

C1s sequences

A

C1s–>C4–>C4a + C4b
C1s–>C2–>C2a + C2b
C2b binds C4b–> C4b-C2b complex

27
Q

C6, C7, C8, C9 added to complex to form

A

Pores in the membrane of the pathogen

28
Q

Complement cascade leads to

A

Activation of membrane attack complex (MAC) on the pathogen leading to perforation and lysis
Production of opsonins, which are coatings that make the antigen more palatable to phagocytes
Release of chemotactic agents which attract phagocytes to the areas of infection/inflammation

29
Q

Parenchyma consists of

A

Cells that typically pack areas of the lymphoid organ

-mostly lymphocytes

30
Q

Stroma consists of

A

Mostly of reticular fibers and cells, including undifferentiated cells and fixed and free macrophages

31
Q

Lymph node hilus

A

Entry and exit point for vessels

32
Q

Lymph node capsule

A

Dense collagen fibers, some elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers

33
Q

Lymph node outer cortex

A

Contains lymph follicles

34
Q

Lymph follicles contain

A

B cells
Follicular dendritic cells
Migrating dendritic cells

35
Q

Secondary lymph follicles contain

A

Mantle, germinal center

–Primary lymph follicles lack these

36
Q

Lymph node inner cortex

A

Contains Helper T cells, macrophages

High endothelial venules (HEVs)

37
Q

HEVs are

A

Port of entry for circulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed node

38
Q

Lymph node medulla

A

Irregular arrangement of loose medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords
Site of lymphocyte reentry into lymph stream
Thymic-dependent areas in subcortical and deeper medullary regions

39
Q

Medullary sinuses are lined with

A

Macrophages

40
Q

Medullary cords consist of

A

Blood vessels, lymphoblasts and plasma cells

41
Q

Thymus capsule contains

A

Blood vessels
Efferent lymphatics
NO afferent lymphatics, therefore, lymph does not circulate through thymus
Extends trabeculae into parenchyma

42
Q

Trabeculae of thymus

A

Delicate CT

Divide thymus into incomplete lobules

43
Q

Thymus lobule cortex

A

Stains darkly
Containes epithelial reticular cells and T cells
Thymocytes migrate from cortical areas to medullary areas
Blood vessels surrounded by continuous epithelial barrier

44
Q

Thymus lobule medulla

A

Light staining
Specialized to allow entry channel into blood stream of mature lymphocytes
Capillary beds NOT sheathed by epithelial cells
Contain Hassals corpuscles

45
Q

Hassals corpuscles

A

Whorls of highly keratinized medullary epithelial cells
Produce cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin
–Stimulates thymic dendritic cells needed for the maturation of single positive T cells

46
Q

Double negative T cells

A

Lack cell surface molecules typical of mature T cells
Enter cortex from blood vessels
Proliferate in subcapsular area

47
Q

Double negative T cells migrate

A

To outer cortex
Confronted by cells with cell surface MHC I and II
Express both CD4 and CD8 receptors and TCR receptors

48
Q

Single positive T cells migrate

A

To inner cortex

Express TCR receptors and either CD4 or CD8 co-receptors

49
Q

Blood thymic barrier

A

Located in thymic cortex
Prevents antigens in the blood from reaching developing T cells in thymic cortex
Leaky during fetal life to develop tolerance

50
Q

Spleen characteristics

A 
No lymph sinuses
No afferent lymph vessels
Covered by peritoneum except at hilus
Blood vessels enter and leave at hilus
Divided into red/white pulp
51
Q

Spleen blood filtering functions

A 
Only lymphatic organ specialized to filter blood
Stores and removes worn-out RBCs
Recycles iron
Converts hemoglobin to bilirubin
Blood formation in the fetus
52
Q

Spleen immunologic functions

A

Screen foreign material in blood
Produces lymphocytes and plasma cells
Removal leads to overwhelming bacterial infections in infants, children and young adults

53
Q

White pulp

A

Always associated with arteries
Zones of diffuse lymphoid tissue and germinal centers
Site of clonal expansion of antigen stimulated lymphocyte
B cell area contains secondary follicles in which central arteriole is off center

54
Q

T cells found where in white pulp

A

In the areas surrounding the central artery near the center of white pulp
Forms periarterial lymphatic sheath

55
Q

Marginal zone

A

Forms sinusoidal interface between red/white pulp
Has abundance of antigen-presenting cells
Lymphocytes first encounter antigens here
Activated Helper T-cells activate B-cells here

56
Q

Red pulp

A

Surrounds white pulp and makes up 80% of spleen
Functions to filter blood
Contains large number of RBCs

57
Q

Billroth cords

A

Form red pulp parenchyma
Contain various cells
Terminal capillaries open directly into substance of cords
Macrophages destroy worn-out or defective RBCs

58
Q

Venous sinusoids

A

Endothelial-lined sinusoids with a discontinuous basement membrane
Storage sites for healthy RBCs

59
Q

Sequence of flow of red blood cells through spleen

A 
Splenic artery
Trabecular arteries
Central arteries
Penicillus
Venous sinuses

Histology (24 decks)

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