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Histology > Lecture 14: Muscle tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics

A

Multinucleated syncytium
Peripheral nuclei
Sarcomeric arrangment

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2
Q

Myofiber type 1 characteristics

A

Intense staining for oxidative enzymes
Rich in NADH transferase, myoglobin, mitochondira
Primarily utilize oxidative phosphorylation
Produce slow, continuous contractions
Referred to as dark/red fibers

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3
Q

Myofiber type 2 characteristics

A

Intermediate staining for oxidative enzymes
Utilize both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Contract more rapidly than type 1
Resistance to fatigue

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4
Q

Myofiber type 3 characteristics

A 
Light staining for oxidative enzymes
Utilize primarily anaerobic respiration
Rich in ATPase
Contract very rapidly
Fatigue quickly
White/light fibers
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5
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A

Single mononucleated cells
No sarcomeric arrangement
Cells innervated via ANS
Gap junctions connect

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6
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A 
Mononucleated cells
Central nuclei
Branched cells
Sarcomeric arrangement
Intercalated discs
Not directly innervated
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7
Q

Perimysium consists of

A

Fibroblasts and type I collagen

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8
Q

Myofiber is a

A

Muscle cell

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9
Q

Endomysium consists of

A

Basal lamina and reticular collagen fibers

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10
Q

Basal lamina characteristics

A

Secreted by muscle cells
Anchors muscle fibers to eachother
Helps distribute the force of contraction

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11
Q

“A” band consists of

A

Myosin/actin filaments

It is the length of the myosin filament

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12
Q

H band consists of

A

Only myosin filament

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13
Q

I band

A

Only actin filaments

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14
Q

Banded pattern origin

A

Filaments of the sarcomere are organized in such a way as to create a repeated banding pattern

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15
Q

Each myosin head has what regions

A

Actin binding region
ATP-binding region
Light-chain binding region

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16
Q

Two pairs of light chains on myosin head

A

Similar to calmodulin but have lost ability to bind calcium
Essential light chains contribute to stability of myosin head
Regulatory light chains maintain stability of myosin II and are sites for phosphate binding

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17
Q

F-actin

A

Polymer of G actin

Plus ends insert on Z disk

18
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Each tropomyosin sits in the groove between two actin strands of an actin filament
Each tropomyosin spans 7 actin monomers

19
Q

Troponin I

A

Inhibits binding between actin/myosin

20
Q

Troponin C

A

Binds calcium ions

21
Q

Troponin T

A

Binds to tropomyosin

22
Q

T-tubules are located

A

At the A-I junction

23
Q

aB-crystallin

A

Heat-shock protein that protects desmin from mechanical stress

24
Q

Dystrophin

A

One of the proteins that links the a-actinin/desmin complex to cytoplasmic side of sarcolemma
Anchors actin to sarcolemma
Reinforces sarcolemma during contraction

25
Q

Dystroglycan complex

A

Links dystrophin (intracellular) to laminin-2 (extracellular)

26
Q

a-actinin

A

Attaches thin filaments to the Z-line

27
Q

Nebulin

A

Extends from Z disc to actin filament

Serves as template to regulate length of actin filament

28
Q

Titin

A

Extends from Z-disk to middle of H-band and connects ends of thick filaments to Z-line
Provides myosin with elasticity
Centers thick filaments in sarcomere

29
Q

Desmin intermediate filaments

A

Framework of desmin filaments which surrounds the Z-line and extends into each sarcomere
Links myofibrils laterally and to the sarcomere

30
Q

Plectin

A

Binds desmin filaments

31
Q

Satellite cells

A

Attach to myotubes before basal lamina is laid down
Generally quiescent
Function as stem cells
Can become mitotic in times of stress
Give rise to myogenic precursor cells-replace damaged muscle by differentiating into skeletal muscle fibers

32
Q

Neuromuscular spine components

A 
Extrafusal fibers
Intrafusal fibers--Nuclear bag/nuclear chain fibers. nuclear bag is sensory region
Alpha motor neurons-to extrafusal fibers
Gamma motor neurons-to intrafusal fibers
Primary and secondary afferent fibers
33
Q

T-tubule system in cardiac muscle tissue

A

Not as extensive as in skeletal muscle

Only interacts with one cisterna

34
Q

Contents of intercalated discs

A

Macula adherentes
Fascia adherents (anchor actin filaments of sarcomeres)
Gap junction

35
Q

ANP

A 
Secreted by cardiac muscle cells in atria
Regulate fluid electrolyte balance
Relax vascular smooth muscle
-reduces blood volume/pressure
Release is stimulated by atrial stretch
36
Q

Dense bodies in smooth muscle

A

Anchor actin filaments to eachother and cell membrane
Contain A-actinin
Interconnected by specific type of desmin
Communicate force of contraction to cytoskeleton and cell membrane
Found in cytoplasm and cell membrane

37
Q

Smooth muscle cells do not have

A

T-tubule system or extensive SR

38
Q

Smooth muscle cells dependent on

A

Extracellular calcium for contraction

-calcium transported by pinocytic vesicles

39
Q

Caveolae/lipid rafts

A

Permanent depressions of cell membrane involved in fluid/electrolyte transport
Caveolin binds cholesterol in lipid rafts and initiates formation of caveolae
Vesicles formed and detach to participate in trafficking

40
Q

Adrenergic and muscarinic receptors

A

Linked to G-proteins

41
Q

Nicotinic cholinergic receptor

A

Cation channel

42
Q

Smooth muscle sheet innervation

A

Smooth muscle sheets are mostly poorly innervated

Excitation is spread through gap junctions

Histology (24 decks)

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