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BIOL *1080 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy

A

Capacity to do work

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2
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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3
Q

What is ATP

A
  • Medium of energy exchange
  • Energy current of cell
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4
Q

From what is ATP generated

A
  • Glucose metabolism
  • Fatty acid metabolism
  • Some from AA metabolism
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5
Q

WHERE is ATP generated

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs cycle
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6
Q

What produces reducing equivalents of NADH and FADH2

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Beta oxidation
  • Krebs cycle
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7
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 supply

A

Protons (H+) and electrons (e-) to electron transport chain

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8
Q

Where is most of the bodies ATP made

A

ETC

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9
Q

What is the process called when ATP is generated without O2

A

Phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation

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10
Q

Can ATP be generated without O2

A

Yes

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11
Q

How long can ATP be generated for without O2

A

9-10 seconds

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12
Q

Explain decomposition of ATP in Phosphocreatine

A

ATP — ADP + Pi

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13
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis in anaerobic conditions

A

Lactate

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14
Q

What is an example of anaerobic ATP productions

A

Sprints

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15
Q

How is most energy stored

A

As triglycerides (fat)

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16
Q

What energy is produced from carbs

A

Glycogen and glucose

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17
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A
  • Liver
  • Muscle
  • Little bit in blood
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18
Q

When is protein used as an energy source

A
  • Starvation
  • Caloric restriction
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19
Q

What are the pros of carbs as fuel

A
  • Aerobically, can generate ATP slightly faster than fat
  • Anerocially, can also generator ATP
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20
Q

What are the cons of carbs as fuel

A
  • Holds lots of water
  • heavier/ less dense than fat
21
Q

What are the pros of fats as fuel

A
  • Doesn’t hold water so 2x as energy dense as carbs
  • Represents most abundant energy reserve
22
Q

What are the cons of fats as fuel

A
  • Cannot provide energy anaerobically
23
Q

When does the absorptive state take place

A
  • 3-4 hours after a meal
24
Q

What is the absorptive state

A
  • When energy (macronutrients) are stored (anabolism)
25
Q

Where is glycogen stored in an anabolic state

A
  • Liver
  • Muscle
26
Q

Where are triglycerides stored in an anabolic state

A
  • Adipose tissue
  • Liver
  • Muscle
27
Q

What happens to excess calories as glucose and AAs

A

Get converted to fats

28
Q

What is the postabsorptive state

A

A state of fasting

29
Q

What is catabolism

A
  • Stored macros are mobilized for energy
30
Q

What happens during the postabsorptive state

A
  • Catabolism
  • Glucose spared for NS
31
Q

What is gluconeogenesis and where does it occur

A
  • Making of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
  • Occurs in liver and kidneys
32
Q

What are blood glucose levels

A

-Blood sugar
- The amount of glucose per L of blood

33
Q

What is the normal fasting blood glucose level

A

4-5.5 mmol/L

34
Q

What is fasting hyperglycemia

A
  • Blood sugar is too high
  • Over 7 mmol/L
35
Q

What is fasting hypoglycemia

A
  • Blood sugar too low
  • Under 3.5 mmol/L
36
Q

What are the risks of hypoglycemia

A

Glycosylation of AA in:
– Kidneys
– peripheral nerves
– and lenses of eyes

37
Q

What is glycosylation:

A

Attachment of carbohydrates to protein causing damage

38
Q

Why is blood glucose maintained so tightly

A
  • Many cells require glucose
  • To maintain osmotic balance
  • To avoid risk of hyperglycemia
39
Q

What is osmotic balance

A

Optimal concentrations of electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes

40
Q

When is blood sugar increased

A

After a meal

41
Q

What decreases blood sugar

A
  • Insulin secretion
  • Decrease of glucagon
42
Q

What kind of feedback loop is glucose regulation via insulin

A

Negative feedback loop (body tries to return to normal state)

43
Q

When is blood sugar decreased

A

During fasting

44
Q

What increases blood sugar

A
  • Glucagon secretion
  • Decrease of insulin
45
Q

What kind of feedback loop is glucose regulation via glucagon

A

Negitive

46
Q

What is the main fuel contributor for prolonged low intensity exercise

A

-Mainly blood glucose and fatty acids
- Some muscle triglycerides and glycogen

47
Q

What is the main fuel contributor of moderate to high intensity exercise

A

Mainly muscle glycogen and triglycerides; blood glucose and fatty acids

48
Q

What is the main contributing fuel of high intensity exercise

A

Muscle glycogen and phosphocreatine

BIOL *1080 (19 decks)

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