Lecture 14

Question 1

What make up the 3 components of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

1) Heart
2) Blood vessels
3) Blood

Question 2

What does the heart, blood vessels, and blood do

Answer 2

Heart
– Muscular pup

Blood vessels
– Conduits for blood to flow

Blood
– Circulates through body and carries material through cells
– Communication

Question 3

What 6 systems are affiliated with the cardiovascular system

Answer 3

1) Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid (CBF) extracellular fluid
2) Lymph and CSF vessels
3) Kidney
4) Spleen, thymus, tonsils
5) Lungs
6) Bone marrow

Question 4

How is the kidney and spleen, thymus, tonsils related to the cardiovascular system

Answer 4

Kidney
– Erythropoietin, filtering

Spleen, thymus, tonsils
– Reservoirs for blood/immune cells

Question 5

How are the lungs and bone marrow related to the cardiovascular system

Answer 5

Lungs
– O2, CO2 removal

Bone marrow
– Stem cell pool

Question 6

What make up the circulatory system

Answer 6

Cardiovascular + lymphatic system = circulatory system

Question 7

What are examples of cardiovascular diseases

Answer 7

Coronary artery disease
Stroke
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Heart failure
Hypertension
Diabetes

Question 8

What is the Pathway of Blood Vessels

Answer 8

1) Deoxygenated blood returns to R side of heart (enters through R atrium) from venous circulation
2) Atria receives blood

3) Heart contracts, pumps blood to ventricles
4) Right ventricle - to the lungs - to left atrium

5) Oxygenated blood leaves left ventricle via the aorta

Question 9

How is blood dispersed through the body

Answer 9

60% systemic veins and venules
15% systemic arteries and arterioles

12% pulmonary blood vessel
8% heart
5% capillaries

Question 10

What are characteristics of arteries and arterioles

Answer 10

Arteries
– Thick muscular walls (smooth muscle)
– Designed to handle high pressures

Arterioles
– Less muscle as pressure dropping
– Lots of innervation to control smooth muscle constriction
– Main site of BP regulation

Question 11

What are the characteristics of capillaries

Answer 11

– No muscle - no control over diameter or connective tissue, no ability to withstand pressure
– Movements of fluid and solutes maximized here

Question 12

What are characteristics of venules and veins

Answer 12

Venules
– Main site of lymphocytes (WBC) crossing from blood to lymph nodes

Veins
– Thin walled, fairly muscular
– Easy expansion and recoiling

Question 13

What is Dyslipidemia

Answer 13

Imbalance of cholesterol in blood vessels

Question 14

What is artherosclerosis

Answer 14

Thickening or hardening of the arteries

Question 15

What is the optimal exchange for blood

Answer 15

Large surface area + low velocity

Question 16

What is cardiac output

Answer 16

Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped by heart per minute, rate of heart x stroke volume

Question 17

Where is the pressure gradient in the heart

Answer 17

Pressure gradient between left and right side of heart

Question 18

Do veins move with or against gravity

Answer 18

Blood is moved against gravity toward heart

Question 19

What allows veins to move against gravity

Answer 19

– Expansion of thoracic cavity during breathing
– Contracting skeletal muscles
– Valves (prevent blood flowing backward)

Question 20

Explain Varicose veins

Answer 20

– One-way valve malfunctions
– Allows backwards floor of blood and pooling
– Generally occurs in superficial veins in thigh and calf

Question 21

What is the heart muscle made from

Answer 21

Made out of cardiac muscle tissue called myocardium

Question 22

What are the 3 ways the heart is different from skeletal muscle

Answer 22

1) Neural input
2) Neural conduction
3) Metabolism

Question 23

Explain how neural input of the heart is different from skeletal muscles

Answer 23

Involuntary, autonomic

Question 24

Explain how neural conduction of the heart is different from skeletal muscles

Answer 24

Gap junctions, very fast, contract as a unit

Question 25

Explain how metabolism of the heart is different from skeletal muscles

Answer 25

– Very high in oxidative capacity
– Lots of mitochondria (35% volume compared to 5% volume in skeletal muscle)
– Fatigue resistant: beats over 3B times over lifetime

Question 26

Explain where blood flows when the AV valve closes

Answer 26

– Caused by closure of tricuspid (right) and mitral (left) valves
– Blood moving from RA to RV

Question 27

Explain where the blood flows when the semilunar valve closes

Answer 27

– Caused by closure of pulmonary and aortic (semilunar) valves
– From LV to pulmonary artery

Question 28

What sound does the AV valve closing make

Answer 28

“LUB” (1st heart sound)

Question 29

What sound does the semilunar valve closing make

Answer 29

“DUB” (2nd heart sound, louder)

Question 30

What is stenosis

Answer 30

Stenosis - narrowing of heart valve

Question 31

What causes stenosis

Answer 31

May be congenital, due to calcification, or scarring from rheumatic fever

Question 32

What are the symtoms of stenosis

Answer 32

Can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance or heart failure

Question 33

Around how many valve replacements are there per year

Answer 33

There are nearly 300,000 aortic valve replacements per year

Question 34

What are the 3 types of artificial heart valves

Answer 34

1) Ball and cage
2) Tilt-dise
3) Leaflet

Question 35

What are the 4 problems with artificial valves

Answer 35

1) Durability - in theory, material could last thousand of years (carbon, titanium)
2) Clot formation - requires constant anticoagulant therapy

3) Can get stuck
4) Resistance to flow; vulnerability to backflow and regurgitation

Question 36

What is FRS

Answer 36

Framingham risk score

Question 37

What does FRS determine

Answer 37

Estimation of 10 yr cardiovascular disease risk

Question 38

What factors influence FRS

Answer 38

– Age
– HDL-c
– Total-c

– SBP
– Smoking status
– Diabetes diagnosis