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BIOL *1080 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense in the local support and defense system

A

1) Non specific physical and chemical surface

2) Non-specific inter-cellular and chemical defense

3) Immune response

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2
Q

What is the innate immute system

A

Natural, not learned through experience

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3
Q

What does the innate immune system consist of

A

1) Non specific physical and chemical surface

2) Non-specific inter-cellular and chemical defense

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4
Q

What is the adaptive immune system

A

Specific defense, learned through experience

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5
Q

What is part of the adaptive immune system

A

Immune response

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6
Q

What does the first line of defense consist of (7)

A

Tears, skin, large intestine, saliva, respiratory tract, stomach, bladder

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7
Q

How do the tears, skin and LI protect the body

A

Tears
– Wash away irritating substances and microbes

Skin
– Provides physical barrier to entrance of microbes
– Acidic pH discourages growth of organisms
– Sweat and oil secretions kill bacteria

Large Intestine
– Normal bacterial inhabitants keep invaders in check

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8
Q

How does the saliva, respiratory tract, stomach, and bladder protect the body

A

Saliva
– Washes microbes from teeth and mucus membrane of mouth

Respiratory tract
– Mucus traps organisms
– Cilia sweeps away trapped organisms

Stomach
– Acid kills organisms

Bladder
– Bladder washes microbes from urethra

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of defense in the second line of defense

A

1) Defensive cells
2) Defensive proteins
3) Inflammation
4) Fever

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of defensive cells and their roles

A

Phagocytic cells: engulf invading organisms
Eosinophils: kill parasites
Natural killer cells: kill invading organisms and cancer cells

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of defensive proteins and their roles

A

Interphons: slow spread of virus in body
Complement system: stimulates histamine release; protoes phagocytosis, kills bacteria, enhances inflammation

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12
Q

What is inflammation

A

Widening of blood vessels and increased capillary permeability, leading to redness, heat, swelling and pain: brings in defense cells and speeds healing

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13
Q

What is a fever

A

Abnormally high body temp: slows bacterial growth, speeds up body’s defense

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14
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis: cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter

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15
Q

What are phgagocytes

A

Phagocytes: white blood cell that uses phagocytosis to engulf bacteria, foreign bacteria, and dying cells

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16
Q

Explain the 2 types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils: first on scene, consume bacteria

Macrophages: consume almost anything

17
Q

What are non-phagocytes

A

Non-phagocytes: target pathogens/invading cells too large for phagocytosis

18
Q

Explain the 2 types of non-phagocytes

A

Eosinophils: discharge enzymes that digest target

Natural killer cells: constantly circulate and “patrol” for non-self. Target cancer cells. Release perforin and proteases to destroy cells

19
Q

Where are defensive protiens synthesized

A

Mainly in the liver

20
Q

Are defensive protiens released in active or inactive form

A

Inactive

21
Q

What are defensive protiens activated by

A

Polysaccharides on bacteria surface

Antigen/antibody complexes (adaptive immune response)

22
Q

What are defensive protiens deactivated by

A

Normally deactivated by native proteins in the blood and the surface of the body’s own cells

23
Q

What do defensive proteins do

A

Enhances ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from body, promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s cell membrane

24
Q

What is inflammation (biologically)

A
  • Blood vessels widen
  • Capillaries become permeable
25
Q

What is the treatment for inflammation

A

Treatment RICE: rest, ice, compression, elevation

26
Q

What causes inflammation

A

Occurs in response to tissue damage and stress such as:

– Bruises and torn tissue (acute inflammation)
– Disease states, such as arthritis and obesity (chronic inflammation)

27
Q

Are fevers always caused by infection

A

No, infections can cause fevers but do not always

28
Q

What causes fevers

A

Caused by heat preservation and increased production due to fighting infection or others

29
Q

What are fevers not due to infection called

A

Fever not due to infection = fever of unknown origin

30
Q

What can cause a fever of unknown origin

A

Caused by endocrine disorder, cancer, drug reactions, ect

31
Q

What are parenchymal cells

A

Critical “functional” portion of tissue (gland, organ)

Most prominent cell in terms of mass

32
Q

Give 3 examples of parenchymal cells

A

Liver - hepatocyte
Skeletal muscle - myocyte
Heart - cardiomyocyte
Brain - neurons
Adipose tissue - adipocytes
Pancreas - various secretory cells

33
Q

What are stromal cells

A

AKA non-parenchymal cells
Support parenchymal cells in forming LSDS
Like a framework

34
Q

Give 3 examples of stromal cells

A

Neurons: control function of virtually all cells/tissue
Astrocytes: support neural functions
Capillary endothelial cells - control blood flow, provide neutries, oxygen

Cells of lymphoid organ - resident T-cells/B-cells, NK cells
Cells of myeloid (bone) origin - neutrophils, macrophages

Fibroblasts - make extracellular matrix and collagen
Stem cells - divide and replace parenchymal cells
Gap junctions - communication between parenchymal cells (ex. Intercalated discs between cardiac cells)

35
Q

What are 3 other tasks of the LSDS

A

1) Local tissue damage by process that are not due to infectious pathogens
2) Normal tissue turnover
3) Looks out for appearance of transformed cell populations (cancer)

36
Q

What is involved in Normal tissue turnover

A

Cell death

Tissue repair, regeneration during wound healing

BIOL *1080 (19 decks)

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