Lecture 11 Flashcards
What do hormones control
1) Growth and development
2) Hormone development
3) Homeostasis
4) Reproduction
Where do hormones come from?
1) Endocrine glands
2) Nerves
3) Organs
4) Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
Which hormones aid in reproduction
Estrogen and testosterone
Give an example of body fat influencing hormones
More fat and less muscle = people secreting more insulin with insulin resistance
What is the nervous system
This system sends messages back and forth between the brain and the body.
What is the endocrine system
It uses hormones to control and coordinate bodies responses
What happens when the nervous system and endocrine system interact
The CCN network is formed
What are the 3 ways which the nervous system interacts with the endocrine system
1) Neurohormones - some nerves release neurotransmitters directly into the bloodstream
2) All primary and secondary endocrine glands and tissues are supplied by neurons in the autonomic nervous system
3) Neurons in the PNS and CNS have many receptors for hormones
What do neurotransmitters modualte
Hormone secretion
Give an example of neurotransmitters modulating hormone secretion
Norepineprhine: inc epinephrine; dec insulin
What are neurohormones
Neurotransmitters that are release into the bloodstream
What is a neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that act on junctions between cells and their target cells (neurons, muscle cells or gland cells)
Do neurotransmitters or neurohormones act more broadly on the body
Neurohormones
What is the posterior pituitary gland
Collection of nerve ending that releasing oxytocin (OT) and ACH
What system the posterior pituitary gland in
In nervous system and endocrine system
What does the posterior pituitary gland release
Posterior releases hormones MADE from the hypothalamus
- Oxytocin and ACH
What does the anterior pituitary gland release
Many hormones
What does oxytoxin control (3)
Uterine contraction, milk ejection, positive mood
What is low levels of oxytoxin assosiated with (3)
- Associations between low levels of oxytocin and autism spectrum disorder (plays role in social cognition)
- Depression, anxiety and stress associated with low oxytocin
- Low oxytocin associated with higher perceived levels of pain
Why is breastfeeding calming to mums
Levels of OT increase breastfeeding and initiative let-down and milk ejeculation; have calming effect on mum
What does ADH control (2)
- Retention of fluid in kidneys
- Play important role in blood pressure regulation
What does ADH increase in response to (2)
- Increased ADH release with heart failure
- Increased ADH in response to severe blood loss and severe dehydration
What is association vs causation in bio
Association: used for studies non-clinical or observational research
Causation: used in randomized variable trials
Where are hormones secreted from into the anterior pituitary gland
Hormones secreted from hypothalamus
How do hormones enter the the anterior pituitary gland
Hormones enter anterior pituitary through bloodstream
Where are hormones delivered from the anterior pituitary gland
Hormones enter anterior pituitary through bloodstream
Hormones delivered to secondary organs and tissues
What does the hypothalamus release
Hypothalamus releases GHRH
What is GHRH stimulated by
Stimulated by sex hormones and deep sleep
Where is GHRH secreted to
GHRH is delivered to the anterior pituitary gland
Where does the anterior pituitary gland secrete GHRH to
Delivered from anterior pituitary gland to liver, bone, muscle and adipose
What can GH influence in adulthood
Skull and facial bones can still grow under influence of GH in adulthood
What is WADA
World anti-doping agency
What does WADA do
- Ban hormone modifying drugs that can harm the body or enhance athletic performance
- Work to level the playing field
What has WADA banned in competition
Stimulants
Narcotics
Cannabinoids
Glucocorticosteroids
What are the effects of steroids
Violent behavior
Bad breath
Liver tumors and cancer
Increased thirst
Why can anabolic steroids and growth hormones be harmful (2)
1) Effective dose is supraphysiological (more than natutally produced in body)
2) Dose of hormone/hormone agonist is generally not timed to mimic natural hormone production
