Lecture 17- Urban Migration

Question 1

Reasons for urban migration

Answer 1

-Lower mortality rates & higher fertility levels : growing population living in small places with limited job opportunities. Put strain on rural Maori communities.

• Push factors (push away from tribal areas/ home):
  Strain on limited rural economic resources, Employment, Geographic isolation, Escape the confines of culture

-Pull activity (parts of urban centres that are attractive):
Economic security, Higher education/ training, Adventure & independence (descendants of Maui –> looking for same sort of thing)

Question 2

Influence of second world ware

Answer 2

• Second world war was also a huge factor
• The one left behind had a duty to contribute in the ways they could to war effort
• After war the rates of migration increased rapidly to being almost completely urban based

Question 3

Difficulties

Answer 3

• Employment (spur of moment decision, unskilled, 1980s = redundancies)
• Housing:
  Hostels
  Inner city living
  pepper potting = tried to put maori families around other non-maori families so would emulate and integrate into european culture (did not happen- maori just found each other).
  Ethnic enclaves = state housing in outskirts —> created suburbs of Maori and pacific
  -Changed name to apply for house (western name more appealing)

-Racism

-Maori women’s welfar league

Question 4

Adjustments

Answer 4

• Before world war 2 pakehau and Maori lived separate i.e. in urban and rural areas
• Urban migration forced an adjustment for both —> but Pakehau expected Maori to make all the adjustments and had to deal with racism (difficulty getting employed, restriction of access due to western social norms e.g. dances, accommodation - passed up for renting etc.)
• Restrictions meant weren’t able to meet traditional cultural obligations: which fit in nicely with governments ‘plan’ to assimilate Maori fully into the western world
• ‘Resolved’ by = religious groups, cultural clubs, sport rams, tribal groups, Maori organisation. These groups were voluntary though. They provided an opportunity to remain connected to Maori identity but wasn’t taken up by all -> tikanga continued in their groups
• Visibility in the city –> urban marae (pan-triabal marae) to help with keeping connection to maori culture (

Question 5

The Hunn report

Answer 5

-Commised in 1960 to review the department of maori affairs, written by Jack Hunn

-Far reaching recommendations

-Encouraged urbanisation

-Numerous assaults on Maori culture

-Assimilation OR integration

-Maori land tenure:
Maori held land collectively and these were seen as difficult to manage when individual fee simple titles are the norm. This therefore hindered progression and the full, proper use of one’s land. Ownership was spilt into small shares that were uneconomic = uneconomic shares (small meaningless shares in land) and live buying (sales of shares)