Lecture 14- Crisis and Conflict, Resistance and Readjustment (1863-1881)

Question 1

Constitutional Government
Governor Thomas Gore-Browne (1853-1859)

Answer 1

-Had to deal with a General Assembly

-Had to deal with Provincial government

-Pressure from settlers for more land

-Saw the emergence of the
Maori King Movement

-Problems in Taranaki LAND

Question 2

Donald McLean

Answer 2

-Native Affairs Minister 1869-1876

-MP Napier 1866-1877

-But in the 1850s he was a land purchase agent

-‘Waitara Purchase’ (near new plymouth) was his actions

-Advocates for Maori MPs

Question 3

Two famous maori kings and dates of ruling

Answer 3

-Te Wherowhero (1858-1860)
-Tawhiao (1860-1894)

Question 4

Why did the maori king movement start? Did the crown like this?

Answer 4

-Maori king movement (kingitanga)

-Put in place to counter crown involvement (land issues)

• Having a Maori king was seen as treason by the crown (going against the British queen)
  -> BUT treaty of Waitangi never stated that the maori king wasn’t allowed

Question 5

Trouble in taranaki (the waitara land purchase of 1860)

Answer 5

-Government agents (ie McLean) attempted to buy a piece of land at Waitara

• They negotiated with Te Teira Manuka instead of Wiremu Kingi (Wiremu Kingi Te Rangitake) of Ngati Kura and Ngati Mutunga of Ati Awa.

-Fighting Broke out, stale mate was a result

-Government severely criticised by missionaries and the Chief Justice for not properly dealing with Māori.

-Governor Gore Browne criticised by settler government for the stalemate and giving up rights.

-Governor Gore Browne recalled back to England

Question 6

What happened after the waitara purchase in regards to Governor George Grey?

Answer 6

-Recalled back to New Zealand

-Reoccupied (with troops) the disputed Taranaki

-Māori protests met by force

-Battles in Taranaki

-1863 invaded the Waikato

-Invaded the Eastern Bay of
Plenty

-New Zealand Settlements
Act 1863: Confiscated huge tracts of
land because Maori deemed
‘in rebellion’

Question 7

Where all settlers a fan of grey in the period of 1860-1868?

Answer 7

No, majority of settlers were in the south and did not see the point/ didn’t want to pay for wars situated in the north.

Question 8

In respond to governors greys actions and the fighting in taranaki what did the maori king do?

Answer 8

-This was in Tawhiao’s period

-He had a policy of isolationism and retreated into king Country (south of waikato) from 1863-1885

-This created problems i.e. he would not negotiate with the crown at all so this entire portion just got locked off from the crown : they couldn’t even put a railroad in there to connect areas of NZ because of the level of distrust between Tawhiao and the crown.

Question 9

Te Kooti

Answer 9

-Fought on the Government side

-Accused of spying for other Maori

-Transported without trial to Chathams
Islands (1865). Leader of Prisoners

-Escaped with supporters back to NZ

-Guerilla Warfare with Government 1869- 1872 (what happens when you falsely accuse someone of a crime)

-1872-1882 exiled with the Māori King in
the King Country. Pardoned 1882

Question 10

Taranaki (confiscated land 1866)

Answer 10

-Māori continue to live on their lands that were confiscated. One area is Parihaka

-1866 Titokowaru of Ngati Ruanui launched raids on settlers to dissuade settlement on the lands.

-Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi, both of the Taranaki and Te Āti Awa iwi were leaders at Parihaka and remained neutral in the dispute with Titokowaru.

Question 11

Major legislation 1860-1868

Answer 11

-New Zealand Settlement Act 1863
* (Gave Governor powers to confiscate land)

-Three key areas that they focused on obtaining land: Waikato, taranaki, Bay of Plenty

-Native land acts were passed in 1862, 1865 and 1867 by the native land court to individualise titles for land and make it easier for european transferral.

Question 12

Reasons for creation of maori MPs (by Donald McLean)

Answer 12

-Large Maori taxation base needs representation (i.e. maori assets/ land were contributing to the crown’s wealth and so they should have a voice in parliament)

-Channel Māori concerns and efforts into Parliament BUT only into 4 seats (maori could elect representatives to have their views heard in parliament)

-Creation of Māori seats and South Island (i.e. both the north island maori and south island maori should be represented)

-Gold miner seats and thus balance
electoral map (demographic changes occuring due to the gold rush i.e. maori became concentrated in certain areas were mining occured and so need for these areas to be represented via maori seats).

Question 13

Maori representation act 1867

Answer 13

-Creation of 4 Maori seats

-Males over age 21 years, no property
qualifications

Four MPs:
* Northern Māori
* Western Māori
* Eastern Māori
* Southern Māori (entire south island)

-This held from 1868 to 1919

Question 14

How many seats in parliament was there in the 1866 election versus the 1871 election?

Answer 14

1866= 70 seats
1871 = 78 seats (due to the addition of the maori seats -> balanced electroal system)

Question 15

How did the 4 maori seats balance the electroal map?

Answer 15

-3 Maori seats in the North Island + 1 general

-1 Maori seat in the South Island + 3 general

numbers of general and maori reflect that they were way more settler sin the south at this time and way more europeans in the north

Question 16

First Maori MPs 1868

Answer 16

-Northern Māori (Frederick Nene Russell)
-Western Māori (Mete Kingi Paetahi)
-Eastern Māori (Tareha Te Moananui)
–Southern Māori (John Paterson)

Question 17

Election 1871 maori mps elected

Answer 17

-Northern Māori (Wi Katene)
- Western Māori (Wi Parata) defeats Mete Kingi
-Eastern Māori (Karaitiana Takamoana)
-Southern Māori (Hori Kerei Taiaroa)

Question 18

Hori Kerei Taiaroa

Answer 18

-1871-1879, 1881-1885
=MP Southern Māori

-1879-1881, 1885-1905
=Legislative Council

-Petitions Governments for the Reserves (that were promised by the crown in land sales)

Question 19

Karaitiana Takamoana

Answer 19

-1871-1879 MP Eastern Māori

-Petitions Governments for Reserves

-Critical of the Native Land Court

-Gets frustrated with inaction of Government.

-Becomes sympathetic to the Repudiation Movement (to make contracts null and void and take back land)

Question 20

Repudiation Movement + what + who lead it?

Answer 20

-1870s Māori begin to dispute the Crown purchases of land in the Wairarapa

-This movement is known as the
Repudiation movement

-Ngāti Kahungunu lead the movement

Question 21

Taranaki (confiscated land 1866)

Answer 21

-Māori continue to live on their lands that were confiscated. One area is Parihaka

-1866 Titokowaru of Ngati Ruanui launched raids on settlers to dissuade settlement on the lands.

• Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi, both of the Taranaki and Te Āti Awa iwi were leaders at Parihaka and remained neutral in the dispute with Titokowaru.

Question 22

Parihaka

Answer 22

-Māori continue to live on their lands that were confiscated. One area is Parihaka

-Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi, both of the Taranaki and Te Āti Awa iwi were its leaders (2000 people lived there)

-George Grey and Native Minister Sheehan while in power 1877-1879 engaged with Taranaki Māori to secure title to the land

-Maori start getting arrested when they plough this land (maori prisoners trial act of 1879 allows this to be done without trial).

-West coast commission to investigate whether the claims to land held by those at parihaka were true -> nothing good done after though.

-January 1880 prisoners were transported to Dunedin ->July maori prisoner act of 1880 postpones trials indefinitely.

-Invasion of Parihaka happened 5th November 1881 -> awful chapter in NZ history (women raped, men transported to south island etc. etc. )

Question 23

George Grey (Thames)
Premier Oct 1877-Oct 1879

Answer 23

-Grey is elected as prime minister

-John Sheehan takes over a Native Minister (important duo!)

-Main issues for his government was dealing with the Maori King and his lands

-Creation of reserves for Taranaki confiscated lands.

Question 24

Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi,
take action + government reaction

Answer 24

• May 1879 Erect fences to secure their title across roads

-Ploughmen begin ploughing the land and start to be arrested

-Harry Atkinson an MP for Taranaki encourages farmers to begin drills for war

-Government reacts and continues to arrest people -> 40 prisoners (2 months hard labour and fines/12 months imprisonment in Dunedin). 180 prisoners held indefinitely without trial and the Maori Prisoners’ Trial Act of 1879 is passed which allows the prisoners to be held without trial as the Government is fearful that Supreme Court will release them.

Question 25

When does the grey government fall? Who takes over?

Answer 25

-October 1879 Grey Government Falls

-Hall Government 1879-1882:
-> John Hall, MP Selwyn (Canterbury) Oct 1879- April 1882 Premier
-> John Bryce MP Wanganui and Waitotara Oct 1879-Jan 1881 Native Minister

Question 26

West Coast Commission 1880

Answer 26

-Enquiry in regard to promises over land reserves and compensation

-Reserves were created, pondered
reserves around Parihaka

-William Fox former MP Rangitikei and
Premier (chair)
- Francis Dillion Bell former MP Mataura
-Hone Mohi Tawhai MP Northern Māori

Found that maori in parihaka were right!

Question 27

John Bryce Native Minister

Answer 27

-John Bryce MP Wanganui and Waitotara Oct 1879-Jan 1881

• Dismisses report of West Coast Commission.

-Sends troops to Parihaka

• June 1880, troops destroy fences around crops and loots around Parihaka

-Sept 1880 Maori Prisoners’ Detention Act: 59 Men sentenced in New Plymouth to hard labour at Lyttleton

-5 November 1881 = invasion of parihaka (Bryce had to wait for the governor (gordon) -> who had the power to override his decision to leave the country)

-IN this invasion = women were raped, children killed, men were killed or transported to the south island, other taranaki settlements were raided, te whiti, tohu and titokowaru were imprisoned. -> awful chapter in NZ history and was suppressed due to media ban