Lecture 10- The Meetings of Peoples

Question 1

Crossing the Pae : First encounters . What did Maori first call european explorers?

Answer 1

• Following Cook’s Pacific
  explorations of 1770s European
  strangers cross the pae
  (horizon) in 1790s to
  Pēwhairangi (Bay of Islands)
  and Te Ara-a-Kiwa (Foveaux
  Strait)
• Māori call them: tangata kē
  (strangers), Maitai (from sea),
  tangata tupua (goblin people),
  takata pora (ship people),
  tangata pākehā/Pākehā

Question 2

Whaling in Aotearoa NZ

Answer 2

Whalers from New South
Wales at Pēwhairangi from
1790s for repairs, supplies

• Some New England whalers
  follow in 1800s; far more in
  1830s: Māori provide
  provisions and recruits
• Temporary cessation: after
  1809, utu against Boyd; 1812-
  14 US-UK war

Question 3

Sealing in Aotearoa New Zealand

Answer 3

1792 NSW sealing gang at
Tamatea (Dusky Sound) but
unsuccessful

• 1800s American and Australian
  sealers in NZ, industry takes off
• 1806 one ship, Favorite (from
  Nantucket) lands 60,000 pelts
  in Sydney
• 1809, Isle of Wight off St Clair
  beach: 8 man sealing gang take
  2000 skins over 20 weeks
• 1810 in one week £100,000 of
  skins landed at Port Jackson
  (Sydney). [£100,000 = 2023
  US$10.5 million]

Not sustainable but these settlers only cared about money (capitalism).

Question 4

Map of Shore whaling & sealing stations

Answer 4

• 1829 first shore whaling
  station begins
• By 1840 there are about 20
  stations in Te Waipounamu
  and lower North Island
• Southern stations operate
  under authority of
  Tūhawaiki and Taiaroa, Ngāi
  Tahu rangatira

Question 5

Shore whaling stations: establishment of unique communities

Answer 5

• Whalers established long-term
  relationships with local Māori
  communities, including marriages:
  chiefly women married owners and
  managers; lesser-ranking women with employees
• The men participated in wives’
  whānau, respecting tikanga, fighting
  their enemies.
• The women worked alongside their
  husbands and participated in their
  businesses to benefit their children
  and their whānau

Question 6

Map of Aotearoa New Zealand by Tuki-tahua, 1793:

Answer 6

Tuki is kidnapped and brought to Norfolk island with Huru-kokoti to teach
convicts how to make rope from harakeke. This is unsuccessful because it is women’s knowledge. Tuki draws this map on floor for Philip King to
illustrate his knowledge of homeland (image is from a later copy)

Question 7

Forming relationships: Tuki, Huru and
King

Answer 7

They live with Philip Gidley King,
Commandant of Norfolk Island
(pictured), and his family.

• Returning Tuki and Huru, King
  initiates reciprocal relationships with
  Te Tai Tokerau (Northland) rangatira,
  giving presents including potato
• These interactions suggest to
  northern rangatira ‘the possibility
  for sustained strategic relationships
  with Pākehā’
• As NSW Governor King hosts visiting
  rangatira; issues proclamations to to
  protect Māori sailors ill-used by ship
  captains.

Question 8

Forming relationships: Te Pahi, rangatira

Answer 8

1805 Te Pahi (pictured) and his
sons, from Pēwhairangi, visit
Governor King in Port Jackson,
exchanging gifts to establish
relationship

• Te Pahi studies gardening, takes seeds and fruit trees home
• He meets Samuel Marsden, NSW
  Principal Chaplain, who begins to
  contemplate a Christian mission
  to NZ
• Te Pahi provides food as
  manaaki (hospitality) to visiting
  ships in Pēwhairangi
• In 1810 he is killed by ship lynch- mob who mistakenly thought he
  killed the crew of Boyd

Question 9

Two very important figures in the british Maori relations?

Answer 9

Hongi Hika
Samuel Marsden

Question 10

Māori and Missions: Ruatara, Hongi
Hika and Samuel Marsden

Answer 10

• In 1809 Ruatara (a relation of Te Pahi) is dumped in London by his
  ship’s captain, and nursed back to health by Marsden en route from
  London to Port Jackson
• Ruatara lives with Marsden at his Parramatta farm and learns about
  farming (illustrates aroha, reciprocity, relationships)
• Ruatara is point of contact in NZ for missionaries prompting
  Marsden in 1814 to settle missionaries by his pā at Rangihoua (northern Pēwhairangi).
• Ruatara plans to use his new knowledge to develop new crops to
  export to NSW, create an English-style village and provide an English
  education to children
• On Ruatara’s death in 1815 his matua (uncle), Hongi Hika, promises
  Marsden to protect mission
• Hongi Hika’s protectorship establishes him as dominant link
  between Pēwhairangi hapū, iwi and Pākehā

Question 11

Pēwhairangi: Bay of Islands

Answer 11

• Between 1770s–1826 hapū (belonging to Ngāpuhi) take over
  Pēwhairangi
• These formed 2 clusters of opposing
  hapū: Hongi’s alliance in north
  Pēwhairangi, vs. southern-based
  alliance
• They competed for access to Pākehā
  material wealth and missionaries
• In 1830 northern alliance takes
  Kororāreka (Russell), main site of
  Māori-Pākehā interactions, with
  largest number of Pākehā and Māori
  living side by side in one settlement

Question 12

Forming relationships: Te
Waipounamu

Answer 12

• Karetai, a rangatira here in
  Otago, attracted Pākehā to
  settle by marrying them to
  kinswomen
• 1832 Ōtākou whaling station established (pictured)
• Rapid growth in Ngāi Tahu
  communities around Otago
  harbour: 1823, 2 villages;
  1826, 5 with more in wider
  area

Question 13

Māori seafarers

Answer 13

Hundreds of young Māori men
served in deep-sea whalers between
1820 and 1840s, some becoming first
and second mates.

• They were common sights in Sydney
  and Hobart between 1820s and
  1850s.
• They introduced Pākehā
  technologies and work methods to
  whanau
• The whaleboat became the
  dominant form of transport for Ngāi
  Tahu by 1840
• The maritime skills establish basis for
  Māori dominance of coastal and
  inter-colonial trade in 1840s and
  1850s
• Māori seafarers and
  travellers became
  interpreters for their
  communities (speaking
  English and Māori)
• Māori interpreters include
  Tuai or Tui (Ngāre
  Raumati), Ruatara, Māui
  (southern Ngāpuhi)

Question 14

Pākehā-Māori: John Rutherford ca.
1828

Answer 14

Pākehā-Māori were
foreigners who became part
of a Māori community

• They married into
  rangatira’s whānau
• They learned the reo and
  tikanga
• They acted as interpreters
• They advised rangatira in
  trading relationships with
  Pākehā

Question 15

Forming relationships: James & Te
Wai Heberley

Answer 15

• James Heberley worked at Te Awaiti
  shore whaling station in 1830 and
  married Te Wai from Te Āti Awa
• Unmarried Māori women made their
  own marital choices
• Like Te Wai they considered their
  relationships with Pākehā men to be
  long-term marriages
• Women acted as cultural mediators
  between Pākehā husbands and
  institutions (like whaling stations)
  and their own communities

Question 16

Forming relationships: Ngāi Tahu

Answer 16

Ngāi Tahu with a European parent: ca. 1860 25 per cent, ca.
1880 60 per cent

• Ngāi Tahu mixed-descent offspring had high birth rate (7.9 children) cf. Māori mothers (2.2 children)
• Till 1840s both mixed-descent brothers and sisters retained
  Ngāi Tahu connections
• Later generations of offspring of Ngāi Tahu women became part of Pākehā communities (patrilocality
  dominated)
• Later generations of mixed-descent men married back into
  Ngāi Tahu

Question 17

Māori leaders: Hongi Hika of
Ngāpuhi, 1820

Answer 17

• In 1820 Hongi, with
  Kendall and Waikato,
  visited Britain, obtaining
  weapons to seek utu
  against other iwi in Te Ikaa-Māui

Question 18

Māori leaders: Hongi Hika of Ngāpuhi

Answer 18

-From 1818 – 1827 Hongi led
large taua (war parties) from
Te Tai Tokerau south, beating:
Ngāti Paoa and Ngāti Maru in
1821, Waikato-Tainui in 1822,
Te Arawa in 1823, Ngāti Whātua in 1825

• From 1822 Hongi initiated
  peace overtures including
  strategic inter-tribal marriages
  with Waikato
• Consequential tribal migrations
  change the map of Aotearoa
• Other leadership
  qualities: ariki (ritual),
  tohunga in carving,
  agriculturalist, loving
  husband
• Turikātuku, his principal
  wife (hoa rangatira), was
  his military adviser and
  tohunga –> woman = very important role

Question 19

Māori Leaders: Te Rauparaha of Ngāti
Toa Rangatira

Answer 19

1821 Waikato-Ngāti Maniapoto push
out Te Rauparaha and allies from
Kāwhia

• Te Rauparaha migrates south to
  Kapiti coast
• 1824 – 1833 various tribal migrations of allies to settle Kapiti-Manawatū
  area
• Leadership demonstrates multiple
  roles of rangatira: warrior, strategist, diplomat, orator, farmer, artist and
  performer.
• Te Rauparaha’s sister, Waitohi,
  invites their mother’s people, the
  Ngāti Raukawa, to migrate south
  from Waikato.

Question 20

Māori Leaders: Te Rauparaha and
Ngāi Tahu

Answer 20

• Te Rauparaha attacks Ngāi Tahu as
  utu after he is cursed (lessening his
  mana) and captures Kaikōura pā
• 1830 he hires Stewart of Elizabeth to
  kidnap upoko ariki (head of chiefs),
  Tamaiharanui, who is killed as utu for
  death of Te Rauparaha’s tuakana, Te
  Peehi Kupe at Kaiapoi pā
• 1832 Te Rauparaha’s taua takes
  Kaiapoi and other pā at Akaroa
• About 25 per cent of Ngāi Tahu are
  killed or captured
• Many migrate southwards to otago and murihiku regions

Question 21

Māori Leaders: Te Matenga Taiaroa
of Ngāi Tahu

Answer 21

Taiaroa is one of Ngāi Tahu
leaders in 1830s and 1840s

• Ngāi Tahu fightback during
  1830s:
  -Under Tūhawaiki they nearly
  capture Te Rauparaha
  -They defeat Te Rauparaha’s
  allies in 1830s including Te
  Pūoho of Ngāti Tama
  -Peace reestablished 1839 after
  Ngāti Toa release Kaiapoi chiefs
• Taiaroa and other Ngāi Tahu
  rangatira invite Christian
  missionaries into their rohe in
  1840s

Question 22

Māori Leaders: Te Wherowhero of
Waikato-Tainui

Answer 22

Leader of Tainui: educated in
whare wānanga, warrior and
strategist who by 1840s is
recognised by Māori and
Pākehā leaders as one of
Aotearoa New Zealand’s
preeminent ariki

He leads fightback against Ngāpuhi
* Between 1831 – 1834 he leads large taua attacking
Taranaki as allies of Te Rauparaha
* Many Taranaki people migrate south, settling in
Wellington and Chatham Islands
* He protects Ngāti Whātua who move to Waikato
* He escorts Ngāti Whātua back to Tāmaki-makau-rau
and reestablishes peace by 1844
* 1827 – 1830 he shelters Ngāti Maru

Question 23

Conflicts, changes, migrations

Answer 23

Ngāti Kahungunu under
pressure from Taranaki and
other migrants, fights back,
leading to peace settlement
by Te Kakapi, a Te Āti Awa
women, 1840

Taurekareka numbers:
- Te Rauparaha has some 2000
captives working for him.
- In one expedition
southwards, Hongi Hika
takes 2000 captives back up
north (most to work in the
fields).

Question 24

Population decline, disease, muskets

Answer 24

In response to various
conflicts iwi seek to buy
muskets between
1810s–1830s

• Development of new
  economy based on
  extensive use of war
  captives (taurekareka)
  as workers to produce
  potatoes, dressed flax
  for Pākehā purchasers
• Musket: ‘te ahi a te
  tipua’ (‘demon’s fire’)

Question 25

Population decline, disease, muskets:
Mate Pākehā (European diseases)

Answer 25

• Impact of new diseases and other
  factors (death in battle etc): Ngāi
  Tahu population drops by about 50
  per cent between 1829–1844
• In Te Ika-a-Māui, in some areas, 27
  deaths per 1000 Māori
• Impact of STD on fertility of Māori
  women: lower birth numbers
  (between 1840–1870 4.5–5.5 cf. 7.0
  for Pākehā women)
• Mate Pākehā precipitates a long- term decline in Māori population in
  19th century

Question 26

Religion:
Octavius Hadfield baptises the rangatira, Te Puni

Answer 26

• Māori engagement with
  Christianity always reflected
  Māori aims and intentions.
• Judith Binney:
  -Māori who embraced Christianity
  often appear to have viewed the new
  faith not so much as displacing their
  existing spiritual and religious
  concepts but rather as becoming
  incorporated into the scheme of
  Māori beliefs. Christianity became
  indigenised.

*Māori also experimented with
fusions of traditional beliefs and
Old Testament ideas, including
identification of Māori as the
Hūrai, the Jews, of the modern
world.

Question 27

Land loss

Answer 27

• In Pēwhairangi there is increased
  land speculation in 1830s
• CMS missionaries purchase
  63,198 acres (25,576 hectares)
  for their families
• Tuku whenua (land gifting):
  mana whenua with Māori while
  Pākehā have use right
• 1850s land becomes absolute
  possession, dispossessing local
  Māori from their best lands in
  places like Kerikeri

Question 28

Literacy

Answer 28

• An outcome of Hongi Hika’s
  1820 visit to England with
  Thomas Kendall and the
  rangatira, Waikato, was
  completion of A Grammar
  and Vocabulary of the
  Language of New Zealand by
  Cambridge University
  orientalist, Samuel Lee
• This laid orthographic
  foundations for written
  Māori

*Māori utilised literacy for their own
ends

• Literacy taught by missions to
  enable reading of the bible in Māori
• Māori began writing letters, reading
  newspapers in Māori and writing
  down their traditional knowledge,
  some of which was published.
• Written language reflected the
  forms and metaphors of the older
  oral world, such as whaikōrero
  (Māori oratory)