Lecture 16 - Maori and the Political Economy 1918-1945 Flashcards
1911 Election mixed results
- Joseph Ward Liberal Party 33 seats
-William Massey Reform Party 37 seats
-Alfred Hindmarsh Labour Party 3 seats
-Independents 6 seats - Liberal Government remains unstable
Māori MPs
- Northern Māori Te Rangihiroa (Lib)
- Western Māori Maui Pomare (Ind)
- Eastern Māori Apirana Ngata (Lib)
- Southern Māori Taare Parata (Lib)
- James Carroll Gisborne
Western Māori election
Maui Pomare (2464);
Henare Kaihau (1899); Pepene Eketone (1470); Tarapipipi Taingakawa (581); Ngarangi Katitia (570); Pomara Hetaraka (19)
Reform Party Government 1912
-William Massey Prime Minister 1912-1925
-Ngata and Carroll no longer in Government (land sales increase even more)
-Māui Pomare joins Reform Party
-Cabinet Minister
Māui Pomare
-Held Assimilationist views: he thought that all maori land should be given to the crown.
-Did not believe that Māori culture should be preserved
-Was a Medical Doctor
-Promoted Māori health
-Ngāti Mutunga (Taranaki iwi)
World War One conclusion
-Massey Government promotes farm schemes for returned soldiers (Māori excluded)
-Māori land loss continues
-Māui Pomare supports Māori land loss
initiatives
-Ngata has to try and persuade support for Māori
Influenza Epidemic ravishes Māori
communities
-2160 deaths out of a Māori population of approx. 50,000
Growth of Ratana Movement in the 20th Century
-Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana emerged as a faith healer in 1918 in the Wanganui
District.
-One of his aims was to have the Treaty of Waitangi enshrined into law
Ratana aims/ effect
-Petitions the Government to enshrine the Treaty into law
-Takes a 26,000 person petition to present to King George V
-Refused an audience with King George V
-Ratana decides to campaign and capture the four maori seats of parliament -> Northern Māori, Eastern Māori, Western Māori, Southern Māori
Opposing ratana
-Māori MPs view Ratana as a charlatan
- Enshrining the Treaty into Absolute
law is a ‘pipe dream’ - Apirana Ngata (MP for Eastern Māori)
was most critical -> opposed ratana.
-Ngata and other MPs begin to address the land confiscations
-They form an alliance with Te Puea
to oppose Ratana
Two Political styles
-Ngata-ism
(Māori working within the establishment for incremental change)
- Ratana-ism
(Māori working outside the establishment for revolutionary change) -> viewed as unrealistic pipe dreams by the other maori at the time
1928 Election
-Shock win for United Party led by Joseph Ward
-Joseph Ward, Prime Minister
-Apirana Ngata becomes Minister of Native Affairs. Creates Land Development Schemes for Māori (example of ngata working within the system to create change)
1928 Southern Māori Electio
-(Ratana) Eruera Tirikatene (197 votes)
-(United) Tuiti Makitanara (197 votes)
1932 By-election southern maori
-Eruera Tirikatene captures the Seat for Ratana
1935 Western Māori Election
Ratana’s son, Haami Toko Ratana
captures second seat
1935 General Election
-As a result of the Great Depression the Labour Party wins office for the First Time.
-Michael Joseph Savage is Prime Minister
-Labour (53 seats)
-United/Reform (19 seats)
-Country Party (2 seats)
-Ratana (2 seats)
Labour/Ratana Coalition
-Ratana and Michael Joseph Savage agree on a Coalition (work together)
-Both agree to address Māori problems, land loss and to implement The Treaty of Waitangi into Supreme law.
-This is the start of maori voting for labour -> which continues to this day
1938 Northern Māori election
-Tau Henare defeated by the Ratana candidate: Paraire Paikea
1943 Eastern Māori election
- Apirana Ngata defeated by the Ratana
candidate: Tiaki Omana (Ormond)
World War Two
-Labour and the Māori MPs begin a massive war effort amongst Māori.
-All Māori regions support the effort
-Mobilisation of Māori into War industry
-Creation of the Māori Battalion to fight in the War
-Narrative ‘Price of Citizenship’ (if maori people are fighting then they must be treated equally when they return -> puts pressure on government to pass policies that will benefit maori
