Lecture 16 - Maori and the Political Economy 1918-1945

Question 1

1911 Election mixed results

Answer 1

• Joseph Ward Liberal Party 33 seats
  -William Massey Reform Party 37 seats
  -Alfred Hindmarsh Labour Party 3 seats
  -Independents 6 seats
• Liberal Government remains unstable

Question 2

Māori MPs

Answer 2

• Northern Māori Te Rangihiroa (Lib)
• Western Māori Maui Pomare (Ind)
• Eastern Māori Apirana Ngata (Lib)
• Southern Māori Taare Parata (Lib)
• James Carroll Gisborne

Question 3

Western Māori election

Answer 3

Maui Pomare (2464);
Henare Kaihau (1899); Pepene Eketone (1470); Tarapipipi Taingakawa (581); Ngarangi Katitia (570); Pomara Hetaraka (19)

Question 4

Reform Party Government 1912

Answer 4

-William Massey Prime Minister 1912-1925

-Ngata and Carroll no longer in Government (land sales increase even more)

-Māui Pomare joins Reform Party

-Cabinet Minister

Question 5

Māui Pomare

Answer 5

-Held Assimilationist views: he thought that all maori land should be given to the crown.

-Did not believe that Māori culture should be preserved

-Was a Medical Doctor

-Promoted Māori health

-Ngāti Mutunga (Taranaki iwi)

Question 6

World War One conclusion

Answer 6

-Massey Government promotes farm schemes for returned soldiers (Māori excluded)

-Māori land loss continues

-Māui Pomare supports Māori land loss
initiatives

-Ngata has to try and persuade support for Māori

Question 7

Influenza Epidemic ravishes Māori
communities

Answer 7

-2160 deaths out of a Māori population of approx. 50,000

Question 8

Growth of Ratana Movement in the 20th Century

Answer 8

-Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana emerged as a faith healer in 1918 in the Wanganui
District.

-One of his aims was to have the Treaty of Waitangi enshrined into law

Question 9

Ratana aims/ effect

Answer 9

-Petitions the Government to enshrine the Treaty into law

-Takes a 26,000 person petition to present to King George V

-Refused an audience with King George V

-Ratana decides to campaign and capture the four maori seats of parliament -> Northern Māori, Eastern Māori, Western Māori, Southern Māori

Question 10

Opposing ratana

Answer 10

-Māori MPs view Ratana as a charlatan

• Enshrining the Treaty into Absolute
  law is a ‘pipe dream’
• Apirana Ngata (MP for Eastern Māori)
  was most critical -> opposed ratana.

-Ngata and other MPs begin to address the land confiscations

-They form an alliance with Te Puea
to oppose Ratana

Question 11

Two Political styles

Answer 11

-Ngata-ism
(Māori working within the establishment for incremental change)

• Ratana-ism
  (Māori working outside the establishment for revolutionary change) -> viewed as unrealistic pipe dreams by the other maori at the time

Question 12

1928 Election

Answer 12

-Shock win for United Party led by Joseph Ward

-Joseph Ward, Prime Minister

-Apirana Ngata becomes Minister of Native Affairs. Creates Land Development Schemes for Māori (example of ngata working within the system to create change)

Question 13

1928 Southern Māori Electio

Answer 13

-(Ratana) Eruera Tirikatene (197 votes)

-(United) Tuiti Makitanara (197 votes)

Question 14

1932 By-election southern maori

Answer 14

-Eruera Tirikatene captures the Seat for Ratana

Question 15

1935 Western Māori Election

Answer 15

Ratana’s son, Haami Toko Ratana
captures second seat

Question 16

1935 General Election

Answer 16

-As a result of the Great Depression the Labour Party wins office for the First Time.

-Michael Joseph Savage is Prime Minister

-Labour (53 seats)
-United/Reform (19 seats)
-Country Party (2 seats)
-Ratana (2 seats)

Question 17

Labour/Ratana Coalition

Answer 17

-Ratana and Michael Joseph Savage agree on a Coalition (work together)

-Both agree to address Māori problems, land loss and to implement The Treaty of Waitangi into Supreme law.

-This is the start of maori voting for labour -> which continues to this day

Question 18

1938 Northern Māori election

Answer 18

-Tau Henare defeated by the Ratana candidate: Paraire Paikea

Question 19

1943 Eastern Māori election

Answer 19

• Apirana Ngata defeated by the Ratana
  candidate: Tiaki Omana (Ormond)

Question 20

World War Two

Answer 20

-Labour and the Māori MPs begin a massive war effort amongst Māori.

-All Māori regions support the effort

-Mobilisation of Māori into War industry

-Creation of the Māori Battalion to fight in the War

-Narrative ‘Price of Citizenship’ (if maori people are fighting then they must be treated equally when they return -> puts pressure on government to pass policies that will benefit maori