Lecture 17

Question 1

How is the body organised? What are the different body axes?

Answer 1

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Question 2

What is the difference between humans and different animals?

Answer 2

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Question 3

How is the Anterior-posterior axis organised? What enables the positioning of the body?

Answer 3

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Question 4

What is HOMEOBOX? What are its properties? What is its function?

Answer 4

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Question 5

What are the properties of the Hox genes? How is it ordered?

Answer 5

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Question 6

What do Hox proteins do?

Answer 6

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Question 7

What are the different genes involved in the development of the thorax segmentation? How do the different sections come about? What are the differences?

Answer 7

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Question 8

What does Antp do?

Answer 8

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Question 9

What does Ubx do?

Answer 9

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Question 10

What is a homeotic transformation?

Answer 10

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Question 11

What are the Hox gene names based on?

Answer 11

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Question 12

What happens if Ubx mutates? What are the different ways in which it can mutate? What does it lead to in the fly in T3 or in T2?

Answer 12

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Question 13

What happens when Antp is mutated in T1?

Answer 13

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Question 14

What are the main Hox genes to known in Drosophila? What are their functions? What happens when they are mutated?

Answer 14

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Question 15

How are the Hox codes in the mammals different? How many chromosomes?

Answer 15

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Question 16

How are the Hox genes expressed?

Answer 16

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Question 17

How are the Hox proteins expressed?

Answer 17

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Question 18

How are the Hox genes transcribed?

Answer 18

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Question 19

What is colinearly? What is spatial manner? What is temporal manner?

Answer 19

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Question 20

Why are some Hox genes “missing” on certain chromosomes?

Answer 20

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Question 21

What are the different boundaries in the anterior and posterior ends? Why are they different?

Answer 21

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Question 22

How do Hox genes promote rib formation? What are the different genes involved?

Answer 22

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Question 23

What is seen in snakes?

Answer 23

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Question 24

What is the function of Hox6? What happens when there is a loss of function? What happens when there is a gain of function?

Answer 24

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Question 25

What is the function of Hox10? What happens when there is a loss of function? What happens when there is a gain of function?

Answer 25

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Question 26

What is a Hox gene? What is the structure like? What is a function of the Hox gene as a consequence of this structure? Why is this significant?

Answer 26

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Question 27

What does retinoic acid activate? How does it do this? What are the elements involved?

Answer 27

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Question 28

What is the retinoic acid gradient? Where is it found? Where are the different levels?

Answer 28

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Question 29

What affect does the gradient of retinoic acid have on the genes in the blastema? What does this result in?

Answer 29

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Question 30

What is retinoic acid made out of?

Answer 30

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Question 31

What happens when there is too much or too little of retinoic acid during development? When particularly?

Answer 31

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Question 32

What would happen if retinoic acid was added to a distal blastema?

Answer 32

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Question 33

Therefore what is avoided during pregnancy? What is the consequence if this is not avoided?

Answer 33

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Question 34

Why do we know this information? What experiment was done on frogs?

Answer 34

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Question 35

What does exposure to retinoic acid cause in general?

Answer 35

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Question 36

How did the effect of retinoic acid affect the Hox genes in chicken skin development?

Answer 36

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Question 37

What was the experiment done to investigate the Hox genes in human skin? What did the experiment show?

Answer 37

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Question 38

How is palmoplantar skin fate specified?

Answer 38

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Question 39

What does HoxA13 specifically do?

Answer 39

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Question 40

What was the experiment done to show the effects of HoxA13?

Answer 40

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Question 41

What impact does this have for treatments for foot ulcers?

Answer 41

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Question 42

What are the different types of skin grafts we can use? What is different? Which one would be better?

Answer 42

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Question 43

Can you change stump skin to load bearing skin? How?

Answer 43

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Question 44

How can you re-engineer skin to become load bearing? What are the different ways?

Answer 44

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Question 45

Why can the plantar fibroblasts be cultured?

Answer 45

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