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Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the body organised? What are the different body axes?

A

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2
Q

What is the difference between humans and different animals?

A

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3
Q

How is the Anterior-posterior axis organised? What enables the positioning of the body?

A

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4
Q

What is HOMEOBOX? What are its properties? What is its function?

A

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5
Q

What are the properties of the Hox genes? How is it ordered?

A

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6
Q

What do Hox proteins do?

A

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7
Q

What are the different genes involved in the development of the thorax segmentation? How do the different sections come about? What are the differences?

A

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8
Q

What does Antp do?

A

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9
Q

What does Ubx do?

A

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10
Q

What is a homeotic transformation?

A

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11
Q

What are the Hox gene names based on?

A

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12
Q

What happens if Ubx mutates? What are the different ways in which it can mutate? What does it lead to in the fly in T3 or in T2?

A

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13
Q

What happens when Antp is mutated in T1?

A

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14
Q

What are the main Hox genes to known in Drosophila? What are their functions? What happens when they are mutated?

A

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15
Q

How are the Hox codes in the mammals different? How many chromosomes?

A

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16
Q

How are the Hox genes expressed?

A

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17
Q

How are the Hox proteins expressed?

A

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18
Q

How are the Hox genes transcribed?

A

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19
Q

What is colinearly? What is spatial manner? What is temporal manner?

A

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20
Q

Why are some Hox genes “missing” on certain chromosomes?

A

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21
Q

What are the different boundaries in the anterior and posterior ends? Why are they different?

A

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22
Q

How do Hox genes promote rib formation? What are the different genes involved?

A

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23
Q

What is seen in snakes?

A

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24
Q

What is the function of Hox6? What happens when there is a loss of function? What happens when there is a gain of function?

A

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25
Q

What is the function of Hox10? What happens when there is a loss of function? What happens when there is a gain of function?

A

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26
Q

What is a Hox gene? What is the structure like? What is a function of the Hox gene as a consequence of this structure? Why is this significant?

A

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27
Q

What does retinoic acid activate? How does it do this? What are the elements involved?

A

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28
Q

What is the retinoic acid gradient? Where is it found? Where are the different levels?

A

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29
Q

What affect does the gradient of retinoic acid have on the genes in the blastema? What does this result in?

A

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30
Q

What is retinoic acid made out of?

A

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31
Q

What happens when there is too much or too little of retinoic acid during development? When particularly?

A

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32
Q

What would happen if retinoic acid was added to a distal blastema?

A

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33
Q

Therefore what is avoided during pregnancy? What is the consequence if this is not avoided?

A

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34
Q

Why do we know this information? What experiment was done on frogs?

A

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35
Q

What does exposure to retinoic acid cause in general?

A

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36
Q

How did the effect of retinoic acid affect the Hox genes in chicken skin development?

A

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37
Q

What was the experiment done to investigate the Hox genes in human skin? What did the experiment show?

A

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38
Q

How is palmoplantar skin fate specified?

A

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39
Q

What does HoxA13 specifically do?

A

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40
Q

What was the experiment done to show the effects of HoxA13?

A

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41
Q

What impact does this have for treatments for foot ulcers?

A

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42
Q

What are the different types of skin grafts we can use? What is different? Which one would be better?

A

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43
Q

Can you change stump skin to load bearing skin? How?

A

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44
Q

How can you re-engineer skin to become load bearing? What are the different ways?

A

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45
Q

Why can the plantar fibroblasts be cultured?

A

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Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (17 decks)

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