Lecture 17 Flashcards
Industrial Microbiology
Commerical Products Produced By “Natural”
Microorganisms
Biotechnology Commercial Products are from
Genetically Engineered
Microorganisms
Industrial Microbiology
Select For Mutant Strains
- Example: High-Yield of Desired Compound (Penicillin)
Looking for it not selectively modifying a gene, others can change it too
Biotechnology is targeting
· Targeted Genetic Engineering
- Example: Insert Gene Into Host Cells (Insulin)
Transfers a gene from one organism to another
Industrial Microbiology is _____production and ____ value
· Large Scale Production
· Low Price (Value)
Biotechnology is ____ scale and ___ value
· Small Scale Production
· High Price (Value)
Genetic Engineering
· In Vitro Isolation, Alteration + Expression of DNA/RNA
Recombinant DNA Technology
- Combine DNA From Multiple Organisms into One Molecule
What is the relationship between GMO and Transgenic?
All Transgenic organisms are GMO, but not all GMO are transgenic
Define transgenic
Taking a gene from one species and putting it into another
Asilomar Conference: Meeting of Recombinant DNA Scientists was a
Voluntary Conference
- Organized By Scientists
- Self-Regulation
- Invited Press/Reporters
- Informed the Public
Asilomar Conference: Meeting of Recombinant DNA Scientists decided on
Biohazards & Safety
- Containment
Industrial Microbiology:Characteristics of Industrial Microbes
· Produce The Substance of Interest
· Rapid Growth and Production
· Scalable Growth and Production
· Non-Pathogenic
· Amenable To Genetic Analyses
Is profitable
Production and scale: Microbial Growth Cycle
Lag > Exponential > Stationary
Production and Scale: Microbial Metabolism:
Primary Metabolites and Secondary Metabolites
Production and Scale: Microbial Metabolism: Primary Metabolites
- Products of Essential Pathways
- Occurs During Exponential Phase
Example: Alcohol
Production and Scale: Microbial Metabolism: Secondary Metabolites
- Products of Non-Essential Pathways
- Occurs During Stationary Phase
Fermentation is
Any Large-Scale Microbial Process
- Conducted in Large Vessels Called Fermentors
Must be scalable
Small-Scale Lab Trials > Large-Scale Production
Examples of Industrial Microbe products include
· Antibiotics
· Enzymes
· Vitamins
· Biofuels
· Alcoholic Beverages
Antibiotics: Penicillin ________ is a
· Penicillium chrysogenum
· High-Yielding Fungus
Beta-lactam
Antibiotics: Penicillin types
Natural
· Biosynthetic
· Semisynthetic
- Most Commonly Prescribed
Enzymes:Exoenzymes examples
Proteases, Amyleases
Enzymes:Exoenzymes
Microbial Enzymes Produced in Large Amounts and Excreted From The Cell
Enzymes:Exoenzymes example: Proteases
- Degrade Proteins
- Used In Laundry Detergents
Enzymes:Exoenzymes example:Amylases
- Convert Starch to Glucose
- Used As Animal Feed Supplements
Vitamin
Vital Amine
Vitamins are
· Essential Organic Compounds
· Received From Diet
Vitamin B12 is
Produced Only By Microorganisms
- Required By All Animals For Growth
Amino Acid: Glutamic Acid
· Flavor Enhancer in Food Products
· Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
· Produced By Corynebacterium glutamicum
Amino Acid: Lysine
· Essential Amino Acid for Animals
- Added to Bread and Cereal (Humans) and Feed (Animals)
Produced By Corynebacterium glutamicum
- Wild Type Cells
· Feedback Inhibition
· Aspartokinase
- Mutant Cells
· No Feeback Inhibition
· Allosteric Site Changed
Biofuel
· Fuels of Recent Origin
· Fermentation of Plant Material
· Natural Product of Green Algae
Fossil Fuels
· Fuels of Ancient Origin
· Extraction of Existing Stores
Ethanol
· Added to Gasoline (10%) = Gasohol
· Higher % Ethanol Mix Requires Different Engines
Petroleum
· Long-Chain Hydrocarbons
· Green Alga · Botryococcus braunii
- 30% Cell Weight = Petroleum
Ethanol:Benefits
Renewable + Sustainable
Ethanol:Problems
Energy Balance?
More Energy to Make
Than Present In Biofuel?
Petroleum: Benefits
Renewable + Sustainable
Petroleum: Problems
- Extraction Efficiency
- Meeting Global Demand
(90 million barrels/day)
Wines: grapes are squashed into
Must
Wines: Must is
Juice and Pomace (Grape seeds and skins)
Wines: is from what type of Fermentation
Yeast Fermentation (Wild Yeast + Cultivated Yeast)
What can you add to Wine to kill wild yeast?
Sodium Metabisulfite (“Sulfites”)
- Kills Wild Yeast
Distilled Beverage (Liquors)
Product of Condensed Fermented Liquids
Fermentation =
Transformation of Food Ingredients by Microbes
3 types of fermentation
Ethanol
Lactic Acid
Acetic Acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation is good for….
Making Cheese, Curing meats, sauerkraut, Hot sauce
Acetic Acid fermentation is good for making
Kombucha (but ya still need yeast)
Historical Benefits of fermented foods
Food Preservation, food enrichment
Modern Benefits of fermented foods
Toxin Reduction, ex. Kimchi fermentation helps with breaking down the pesticides that they use in the fields.
How can we get eukaryote DNA without the introns into Bacteria?
Reverse Transcriptase turns mRNA into cRNA with the introns removed
Biotechnology examples
Engineered Proteins
Engineered Vaccines
Engineered Plants
Engineered Animals
Engineered Protein Examples
Somatotropin
· Engineered Vaccine examples
Recombinant DNA Vaccines
1) Recombinant-Vector
2) Recombinant-Antigen
3) DNA/RNA Vaccines
· Engineered Plants
Easier To Manipuate Than Animals
· No Separation of Germline and Somatic Cells
- Many Plants Can Be Regenerated From A Single Cell
· Plants Can Be Cultured In Vitro
- Genetic Engineering Done In Culture
· Agrobacterium tumefaciens
- Contain Plasmids That Transfer DNA Into Plant Cells
Engineered Animal examples
AquAdvantage™Salmon < first approved for human consumption
- Fast-Growing Salmon
- Replaced Growth Hormone Promotor Sequence
EnviroPig™
- Mouse DNA For Phytase Gene
- lowers Phosphorous Output By 70%
Healthy Fat Pigs
- Gene From Roundworm (C. elegans) In Pigs
- Converts Omega-6 > Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Somatotropin
· Growth Hormone
· Dwarfism = Lack Somatotropin Genes
Used to Increase Milk Production
· Isolate Genes From Cow
· Clone + Express in Bacteria
· Purify Protein
· Re-Inject Into Cow
Recombinant DNA Vaccines
1) Recombinant-Vector
Antigen Gene > Vaccinia Virus Carrier
- Inject Virus into Host
- Example: Vaccinia-Rabies Vaccine (animals)
Adaptive immunity
Slower response than Recombinant Antigen
Recombinant DNA Vaccines
2) Recombinant-Antigen
Antigen Gene > Bacterial Cell Carrier
- Harvest and Inject Protein
- Example: Hepatitis B Vaccine
Adaptive immunity
Faster but weaker response
Recombinant DNA Vaccines
DNA/RNA Vaccines
DNA/RNA Vaccines
- Antigen Gene > Bacterial Plasmid Carrier
- Inject Plasmid
examples: First DNA vaccine for animals
- West Nile virus (US, 2005)
First DNA vaccine for humans
- ZyCoV-D for COVID-19 (India, 2021)
- None approved is US
First mRNA vaccine for humans
- Pfizer and BioNTech for COVID-19
Engineered Plants examples
Herbicide Resistance
- Produce Resistant Enzyme
- Roundup-Ready™Soybeans
Insect Resistance
- Produce “Bt” Toxin
- Insecticide from Bacillus thuringiensis
Flavr Savr™Tomato Plants
Flavr Savr™Tomato Plants
· 1stCommerically Grown, Genetically Engineered Food
- FDA-approved for human consumption
· Genetic Alteration
- Added antisense gene to slow ripening
- Longer shelf life
Problems
- Bland Taste
- Difficult To Transport (Delicate)
- Off The Market By 1997
