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Microbiology-Jenn Edition > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Industrial Microbiology

A

Commerical Products Produced By “Natural”
Microorganisms

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2
Q

Biotechnology Commercial Products are from

A

Genetically Engineered
Microorganisms

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3
Q

Industrial Microbiology

A

Select For Mutant Strains
- Example: High-Yield of Desired Compound (Penicillin)
Looking for it not selectively modifying a gene, others can change it too

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4
Q

Biotechnology is targeting

A

· Targeted Genetic Engineering
- Example: Insert Gene Into Host Cells (Insulin)
Transfers a gene from one organism to another

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5
Q

Industrial Microbiology is _____production and ____ value

A

· Large Scale Production
· Low Price (Value)

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6
Q

Biotechnology is ____ scale and ___ value

A

· Small Scale Production
· High Price (Value)

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7
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

· In Vitro Isolation, Alteration + Expression of DNA/RNA

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8
Q

Recombinant DNA Technology

A
  • Combine DNA From Multiple Organisms into One Molecule
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9
Q

What is the relationship between GMO and Transgenic?

A

All Transgenic organisms are GMO, but not all GMO are transgenic

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10
Q

Define transgenic

A

Taking a gene from one species and putting it into another

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11
Q

Asilomar Conference: Meeting of Recombinant DNA Scientists was a

A

Voluntary Conference
- Organized By Scientists
- Self-Regulation
- Invited Press/Reporters
- Informed the Public

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12
Q

Asilomar Conference: Meeting of Recombinant DNA Scientists decided on

A

Biohazards & Safety
- Containment

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13
Q

Industrial Microbiology:Characteristics of Industrial Microbes

A

· Produce The Substance of Interest
· Rapid Growth and Production
· Scalable Growth and Production
· Non-Pathogenic
· Amenable To Genetic Analyses
Is profitable

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14
Q

Production and scale: Microbial Growth Cycle

A

Lag > Exponential > Stationary

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15
Q

Production and Scale: Microbial Metabolism:

A

Primary Metabolites and Secondary Metabolites

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16
Q

Production and Scale: Microbial Metabolism: Primary Metabolites

A
  • Products of Essential Pathways
  • Occurs During Exponential Phase
    Example: Alcohol
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17
Q

Production and Scale: Microbial Metabolism: Secondary Metabolites

A
  • Products of Non-Essential Pathways
  • Occurs During Stationary Phase
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18
Q

Fermentation is

A

Any Large-Scale Microbial Process
- Conducted in Large Vessels Called Fermentors
Must be scalable
Small-Scale Lab Trials > Large-Scale Production

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19
Q

Examples of Industrial Microbe products include

A

· Antibiotics
· Enzymes
· Vitamins
· Biofuels
· Alcoholic Beverages

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20
Q

Antibiotics: Penicillin ________ is a

A

· Penicillium chrysogenum
· High-Yielding Fungus
Beta-lactam

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21
Q

Antibiotics: Penicillin types

A

Natural
· Biosynthetic
· Semisynthetic
- Most Commonly Prescribed

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22
Q

Enzymes:Exoenzymes examples

A

Proteases, Amyleases

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23
Q

Enzymes:Exoenzymes

A

Microbial Enzymes Produced in Large Amounts and Excreted From The Cell

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24
Q

Enzymes:Exoenzymes example: Proteases

A
  • Degrade Proteins
  • Used In Laundry Detergents
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25
Q

Enzymes:Exoenzymes example:Amylases

A
  • Convert Starch to Glucose
  • Used As Animal Feed Supplements
26
Q

Vitamin

A

Vital Amine

27
Q

Vitamins are

A

· Essential Organic Compounds
· Received From Diet

28
Q

Vitamin B12 is

A

Produced Only By Microorganisms
- Required By All Animals For Growth

29
Q

Amino Acid: Glutamic Acid

A

· Flavor Enhancer in Food Products
· Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
· Produced By Corynebacterium glutamicum

30
Q

Amino Acid: Lysine

A

· Essential Amino Acid for Animals
- Added to Bread and Cereal (Humans) and Feed (Animals)
Produced By Corynebacterium glutamicum
- Wild Type Cells
· Feedback Inhibition
· Aspartokinase
- Mutant Cells
· No Feeback Inhibition
· Allosteric Site Changed

31
Q

Biofuel

A

· Fuels of Recent Origin
· Fermentation of Plant Material
· Natural Product of Green Algae

32
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

· Fuels of Ancient Origin
· Extraction of Existing Stores

33
Q

Ethanol

A

· Added to Gasoline (10%) = Gasohol
· Higher % Ethanol Mix Requires Different Engines

34
Q

Petroleum

A

· Long-Chain Hydrocarbons
· Green Alga · Botryococcus braunii
- 30% Cell Weight = Petroleum

35
Q

Ethanol:Benefits

A

Renewable + Sustainable

36
Q

Ethanol:Problems

A

Energy Balance?
More Energy to Make
Than Present In Biofuel?

37
Q

Petroleum: Benefits

A

Renewable + Sustainable

38
Q

Petroleum: Problems

A
  • Extraction Efficiency
  • Meeting Global Demand
    (90 million barrels/day)
39
Q

Wines: grapes are squashed into

A

Must

40
Q

Wines: Must is

A

Juice and Pomace (Grape seeds and skins)

41
Q

Wines: is from what type of Fermentation

A

Yeast Fermentation (Wild Yeast + Cultivated Yeast)

42
Q

What can you add to Wine to kill wild yeast?

A

Sodium Metabisulfite (“Sulfites”)
- Kills Wild Yeast

43
Q

Distilled Beverage (Liquors)

A

Product of Condensed Fermented Liquids

44
Q

Fermentation =

A

Transformation of Food Ingredients by Microbes

45
Q

3 types of fermentation

A

Ethanol
Lactic Acid
Acetic Acid

46
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation is good for….

A

Making Cheese, Curing meats, sauerkraut, Hot sauce

47
Q

Acetic Acid fermentation is good for making

A

Kombucha (but ya still need yeast)

48
Q

Historical Benefits of fermented foods

A

Food Preservation, food enrichment

49
Q

Modern Benefits of fermented foods

A

Toxin Reduction, ex. Kimchi fermentation helps with breaking down the pesticides that they use in the fields.

50
Q

How can we get eukaryote DNA without the introns into Bacteria?

A

Reverse Transcriptase turns mRNA into cRNA with the introns removed

51
Q

Biotechnology examples

A

Engineered Proteins
Engineered Vaccines
Engineered Plants
Engineered Animals

52
Q

Engineered Protein Examples

A

Somatotropin

53
Q

· Engineered Vaccine examples

A

Recombinant DNA Vaccines
1) Recombinant-Vector
2) Recombinant-Antigen
3) DNA/RNA Vaccines

54
Q

· Engineered Plants

A

Easier To Manipuate Than Animals
· No Separation of Germline and Somatic Cells
- Many Plants Can Be Regenerated From A Single Cell
· Plants Can Be Cultured In Vitro
- Genetic Engineering Done In Culture
· Agrobacterium tumefaciens
- Contain Plasmids That Transfer DNA Into Plant Cells

55
Q

Engineered Animal examples

A

AquAdvantage™Salmon < first approved for human consumption
- Fast-Growing Salmon
- Replaced Growth Hormone Promotor Sequence
EnviroPig™
- Mouse DNA For Phytase Gene
- lowers Phosphorous Output By 70%
Healthy Fat Pigs
- Gene From Roundworm (C. elegans) In Pigs
- Converts Omega-6 > Omega-3 Fatty Acids

56
Q

Somatotropin

A

· Growth Hormone
· Dwarfism = Lack Somatotropin Genes
Used to Increase Milk Production
· Isolate Genes From Cow
· Clone + Express in Bacteria
· Purify Protein
· Re-Inject Into Cow

57
Q

Recombinant DNA Vaccines
1) Recombinant-Vector

A

Antigen Gene > Vaccinia Virus Carrier
- Inject Virus into Host
- Example: Vaccinia-Rabies Vaccine (animals)
Adaptive immunity
Slower response than Recombinant Antigen

58
Q

Recombinant DNA Vaccines
2) Recombinant-Antigen

A

Antigen Gene > Bacterial Cell Carrier
- Harvest and Inject Protein
- Example: Hepatitis B Vaccine
Adaptive immunity
Faster but weaker response

59
Q

Recombinant DNA Vaccines
DNA/RNA Vaccines

A

DNA/RNA Vaccines
- Antigen Gene > Bacterial Plasmid Carrier
- Inject Plasmid
examples: First DNA vaccine for animals
- West Nile virus (US, 2005)
First DNA vaccine for humans
- ZyCoV-D for COVID-19 (India, 2021)
- None approved is US
First mRNA vaccine for humans
- Pfizer and BioNTech for COVID-19

60
Q

Engineered Plants examples

A

Herbicide Resistance
- Produce Resistant Enzyme
- Roundup-Ready™Soybeans
Insect Resistance
- Produce “Bt” Toxin
- Insecticide from Bacillus thuringiensis
Flavr Savr™Tomato Plants

61
Q

Flavr Savr™Tomato Plants

A

· 1stCommerically Grown, Genetically Engineered Food
- FDA-approved for human consumption
· Genetic Alteration
- Added antisense gene to slow ripening
- Longer shelf life
Problems
- Bland Taste
- Difficult To Transport (Delicate)
- Off The Market By 1997

Microbiology-Jenn Edition (20 decks)

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