Lecture 12-Flash cards
Microbiota
All microbial species
Microbiome
All microbial species +their interactions
Where in the human body can a resident microbiome live in a healthy human?
places exposed to the environment (ex. skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract, GI tract, urogenital tract)
Where does the resident microbiome not live in a healthy human?
places not exposed to the environment (ex. internal organs, blood, lymph nodes, nervous system)
Define resident Microbiome
Microbes in a healthy human body
What effects could a benign microbiome have
no positive or negative effect, occupy human micro habitats
What effects could a Beneficial microbiome have
positive effect, Metabolism and defense
What effects could a Pathogenetic microbiome have
negative effect, cause infectious diseases
Your resident microbiome can effect these three examples
Immune system, nutrition and obesity, neurological functioning
True or false: the first exposure of the baby to microbes is in the womb
False, the womb is a sterile environment, so no pre-birth exposure to microbes
How is the resident microbiome established in new born-babies?
When babies are delivered they are exposed to the microbiome of the mother, either through the vagina or a c-section.
A baby delivered though a c-section has a microbiome like it’s mother’s….
Skin
A baby delivered through the vaginal canal has a microbiome like it’s mother’s….
vagina
What are the two zones of containment for our resident microbiome?
Outer mucous layer, inner mucous layer.
What does the outer mucous layer have?
It has general defenses like antibacterial proteins.
What does the inner mucous layer have?
it has specific defenses like antibodies.
What is the point of having zones of containment?
they can minimize bacteria-epithelial cell contact
(virology quiz question) Viroids are resistant to degradation due to their ________.
Secondary structures
(Resident microbiome quiz question) In which area(s) of the human body is the resident microbiome NOT found?
Internal organs
(Resident microbiome quiz question) Antimicrobial compounds naturally found in the human oral cavity include ________.
Lysozyme
(Resident microbiome quiz question) What is dysbiosis?
An imbalanced or impaired microbiome
(Resident microbiome quiz question) What is the first exposure humans have to microorganisms?
During vaginal or Cesarean section birth
Pathogens live…
on/in Host and cause Disease
Opportunistic Pathogens…
Cause Disease in the absence of Normal Host Resistance
Dysbiosis
Imbalanced or Impaired Microbiome
If you have bacteria A, that normally is benign. But when your immune system is busy with a mold allergy, Bacteria A becomes pathogenic. What is this called?
Opportunistic Pathogen
A Baby is delivered via a c-section, what is the gut microbiome of the baby most like of the mom?
The skin microbiome of the mother.
The skin microbiome is a ______ habitat
Heterogeneous Habitat
Sebaceous areas of the skin are..
the Upper Chest, and oily areas
What are some the factors affecting the Skin?
Age, Personal Hygiene, Weather
What are some disruptions to the resident skin microbiome
Acne: Pore Blockage
Body odor: Gases released by microbial metabolism
Disease: Resident Microbes prevent pathogen colonization
Mosquitos(HUH)
The oral cavity is a _____ habitat
Heterogenous
Antimicrobial chemicals present in oral cavity:
Saliva has lyzozymes
Antimicrobial chemicals present on skin:
Sweat contains antimicrobial peptides
The oral cavity microbiome has primarily ____ metabolism
Anaerobic
Dental plaques are a type of
Biofilm
Lactic Acid Bacteria
They ferment sugars to make lactic acid, High sugar intake promotes Dental cavities.
What are some of the consequences of disrupting the resident intestinal microbiome?
Diarrhea, Alteration of digestive function(impaired vitamin synthesis), Pathogen Colonization
What are two ways we talked about that can help restore your resident intestinal microbiome?
Probiotics and fecal microbiota transplant
Characteristics of Mucosal Tissues
Homogenous habitat, Antimicrobial conditions, Nutrient sources, low diversity,
How does the vagina keep an antimicrobial environment
Low ph, entrapment and removal,
Respiratory tract is not supposed to have microbes in the
Lower portions
Quiz question: The consequences of disrupting the resident gastrointestinal microbiome of the human body include ________.
Diarrhea, Impaired vitamin syn, Enhanced pathogen colonization
Quiz question:The presence of lactic acid bacteria in the vaginal microbiome is ________ because they ________.
Beneficial, decrease pH and prevent the growth of infectious bacteria
Quiz Question:If you compared the Lethal Dose 50 (or LD50) values of two pathogens, the pathogen with the ________ LD50 value is the MOST virulent.
Lowest
Quiz question: Virulence factors enhance the ability of pathogens to ________.
Adhere to host cells, Invade host cells, Infect tissues / produce toxins
Quiz Question: Diphtheria toxin is an example of a(n) ________ toxin, a two-subunit protein that binds to host cell surface receptors and transfers across the cytoplasmic membrane to inhibit internal host cell functioning.
AB
Virulence is a measure of
Pathogenicity
If you have a low Virulence, will your death toll be high, low, or medium?
Low
If you have a High Virulence, will your death toll be high, low, or medium?
High
Pathogenesis is…
the process by which microbes cause disease
Virulence is measured by LD50 which is
The amount of pathogen that kills 50% of host individuals.
Attenuation is
the decrease or loss of virulence (often used as vaccines)
Process of pathogenesis is
Adherance>invasion>infection
There are two types of toxins
Endotoxins and exotoxins
Exotoxins are
released from pathogen cells
Exotoxin types
AB, Cytolytic
Cytolytic exotoxins
are one subunit, opens pore, changes osmosis
AB
This type has two subunits, stops growth, and inhibits production
Endotoxins
Are not released from pathogenic cells, present in LPS of outer membrane, less toxic than exotoxins
Adherence needs
Motility and attachment
Infection includes/needs
Toxins, and avoid host defenses
