Lecture 12-Flash cards

Question 1

Microbiota

Answer 1

All microbial species

Question 2

Microbiome

Answer 2

All microbial species +their interactions

Question 3

Where in the human body can a resident microbiome live in a healthy human?

Answer 3

places exposed to the environment (ex. skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract, GI tract, urogenital tract)

Question 4

Where does the resident microbiome not live in a healthy human?

Answer 4

places not exposed to the environment (ex. internal organs, blood, lymph nodes, nervous system)

Question 5

Define resident Microbiome

Answer 5

Microbes in a healthy human body

Question 6

What effects could a benign microbiome have

Answer 6

no positive or negative effect, occupy human micro habitats

Question 7

What effects could a Beneficial microbiome have

Answer 7

positive effect, Metabolism and defense

Question 8

What effects could a Pathogenetic microbiome have

Answer 8

negative effect, cause infectious diseases

Question 9

Your resident microbiome can effect these three examples

Answer 9

Immune system, nutrition and obesity, neurological functioning

Question 10

True or false: the first exposure of the baby to microbes is in the womb

Answer 10

False, the womb is a sterile environment, so no pre-birth exposure to microbes

Question 11

How is the resident microbiome established in new born-babies?

Answer 11

When babies are delivered they are exposed to the microbiome of the mother, either through the vagina or a c-section.

Question 12

A baby delivered though a c-section has a microbiome like it’s mother’s….

Answer 12

Skin

Question 13

A baby delivered through the vaginal canal has a microbiome like it’s mother’s….

Answer 13

vagina

Question 14

What are the two zones of containment for our resident microbiome?

Answer 14

Outer mucous layer, inner mucous layer.

Question 15

What does the outer mucous layer have?

Answer 15

It has general defenses like antibacterial proteins.

Question 16

What does the inner mucous layer have?

Answer 16

it has specific defenses like antibodies.

Question 17

What is the point of having zones of containment?

Answer 17

they can minimize bacteria-epithelial cell contact

Question 18

(virology quiz question) Viroids are resistant to degradation due to their ________.

Answer 18

Secondary structures

Question 19

(Resident microbiome quiz question) In which area(s) of the human body is the resident microbiome NOT found?

Answer 19

Internal organs

Question 20

(Resident microbiome quiz question) Antimicrobial compounds naturally found in the human oral cavity include ________.

Answer 20

Lysozyme

Question 21

(Resident microbiome quiz question) What is dysbiosis?

Answer 21

An imbalanced or impaired microbiome

Question 22

(Resident microbiome quiz question) What is the first exposure humans have to microorganisms?

Answer 22

During vaginal or Cesarean section birth

Question 23

Pathogens live…

Answer 23

on/in Host and cause Disease

Question 24

Opportunistic Pathogens…

Answer 24

Cause Disease in the absence of Normal Host Resistance

Question 25

Dysbiosis

Answer 25

Imbalanced or Impaired Microbiome

Question 26

If you have bacteria A, that normally is benign. But when your immune system is busy with a mold allergy, Bacteria A becomes pathogenic. What is this called?

Answer 26

Opportunistic Pathogen

Question 27

A Baby is delivered via a c-section, what is the gut microbiome of the baby most like of the mom?

Answer 27

The skin microbiome of the mother.

Question 28

The skin microbiome is a ______ habitat

Answer 28

Heterogeneous Habitat

Question 29

Sebaceous areas of the skin are..

Answer 29

the Upper Chest, and oily areas

Question 30

What are some the factors affecting the Skin?

Answer 30

Age, Personal Hygiene, Weather

Question 31

What are some disruptions to the resident skin microbiome

Answer 31

Acne: Pore Blockage Body odor: Gases released by microbial metabolism Disease: Resident Microbes prevent pathogen colonization Mosquitos(HUH)

Question 32

The oral cavity is a _____ habitat

Answer 32

Heterogenous

Question 33

Antimicrobial chemicals present in oral cavity:

Answer 33

Saliva has lyzozymes

Question 34

Antimicrobial chemicals present on skin:

Answer 34

Sweat contains antimicrobial peptides

Question 35

The oral cavity microbiome has primarily ____ metabolism

Answer 35

Anaerobic

Question 36

Dental plaques are a type of

Answer 36

Biofilm

Question 37

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Answer 37

They ferment sugars to make lactic acid, High sugar intake promotes Dental cavities.

Question 38

What are some of the consequences of disrupting the resident intestinal microbiome?

Answer 38

Diarrhea, Alteration of digestive function(impaired vitamin synthesis), Pathogen Colonization

Question 39

What are two ways we talked about that can help restore your resident intestinal microbiome?

Answer 39

Probiotics and fecal microbiota transplant

Question 40

Characteristics of Mucosal Tissues

Answer 40

Homogenous habitat, Antimicrobial conditions, Nutrient sources, low diversity,

Question 41

How does the vagina keep an antimicrobial environment

Answer 41

Low ph, entrapment and removal,

Question 42

Respiratory tract is not supposed to have microbes in the

Answer 42

Lower portions

Question 43

Quiz question: The consequences of disrupting the resident gastrointestinal microbiome of the human body include ________.

Answer 43

Diarrhea, Impaired vitamin syn, Enhanced pathogen colonization

Question 44

Quiz question:The presence of lactic acid bacteria in the vaginal microbiome is ________ because they ________.

Answer 44

Beneficial, decrease pH and prevent the growth of infectious bacteria

Question 45

Quiz Question:If you compared the Lethal Dose 50 (or LD50) values of two pathogens, the pathogen with the ________ LD50 value is the MOST virulent.

Answer 45

Lowest

Question 46

Quiz question: Virulence factors enhance the ability of pathogens to ________.

Answer 46

Adhere to host cells, Invade host cells, Infect tissues / produce toxins

Question 47

Quiz Question: Diphtheria toxin is an example of a(n) ________ toxin, a two-subunit protein that binds to host cell surface receptors and transfers across the cytoplasmic membrane to inhibit internal host cell functioning.

Answer 47

AB

Question 48

Virulence is a measure of

Answer 48

Pathogenicity

Question 49

If you have a low Virulence, will your death toll be high, low, or medium?

Answer 49

Low

Question 50

If you have a High Virulence, will your death toll be high, low, or medium?

Answer 50

High

Question 51

Pathogenesis is...

Answer 51

the process by which microbes cause disease

Question 52

Virulence is measured by LD50 which is

Answer 52

The amount of pathogen that kills 50% of host individuals.

Question 53

Attenuation is

Answer 53

the decrease or loss of virulence (often used as vaccines)

Question 54

Process of pathogenesis is

Answer 54

Adherance>invasion>infection

Question 55

There are two types of toxins

Answer 55

Endotoxins and exotoxins

Question 56

Exotoxins are

Answer 56

released from pathogen cells

Question 57

Exotoxin types

Answer 57

AB, Cytolytic

Question 58

Cytolytic exotoxins

Answer 58

are one subunit, opens pore, changes osmosis

Question 59

AB

Answer 59

This type has two subunits, stops growth, and inhibits production

Question 60

Endotoxins

Answer 60

Are not released from pathogenic cells, present in LPS of outer membrane, less toxic than exotoxins

Question 61

Adherence needs

Answer 61

Motility and attachment

Question 62

Infection includes/needs

Answer 62

Toxins, and avoid host defenses