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Microbiology-Jenn Edition > Lecture 12-Flash cards > Flashcards

Lecture 12-Flash cards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiota

A

All microbial species

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2
Q

Microbiome

A

All microbial species +their interactions

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3
Q

Where in the human body can a resident microbiome live in a healthy human?

A

places exposed to the environment (ex. skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract, GI tract, urogenital tract)

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4
Q

Where does the resident microbiome not live in a healthy human?

A

places not exposed to the environment (ex. internal organs, blood, lymph nodes, nervous system)

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5
Q

Define resident Microbiome

A

Microbes in a healthy human body

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6
Q

What effects could a benign microbiome have

A

no positive or negative effect, occupy human micro habitats

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7
Q

What effects could a Beneficial microbiome have

A

positive effect, Metabolism and defense

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8
Q

What effects could a Pathogenetic microbiome have

A

negative effect, cause infectious diseases

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9
Q

Your resident microbiome can effect these three examples

A

Immune system, nutrition and obesity, neurological functioning

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10
Q

True or false: the first exposure of the baby to microbes is in the womb

A

False, the womb is a sterile environment, so no pre-birth exposure to microbes

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11
Q

How is the resident microbiome established in new born-babies?

A

When babies are delivered they are exposed to the microbiome of the mother, either through the vagina or a c-section.

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12
Q

A baby delivered though a c-section has a microbiome like it’s mother’s….

A

Skin

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13
Q

A baby delivered through the vaginal canal has a microbiome like it’s mother’s….

A

vagina

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14
Q

What are the two zones of containment for our resident microbiome?

A

Outer mucous layer, inner mucous layer.

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15
Q

What does the outer mucous layer have?

A

It has general defenses like antibacterial proteins.

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16
Q

What does the inner mucous layer have?

A

it has specific defenses like antibodies.

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17
Q

What is the point of having zones of containment?

A

they can minimize bacteria-epithelial cell contact

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18
Q

(virology quiz question) Viroids are resistant to degradation due to their ________.

A

Secondary structures

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19
Q

(Resident microbiome quiz question) In which area(s) of the human body is the resident microbiome NOT found?

A

Internal organs

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20
Q

(Resident microbiome quiz question) Antimicrobial compounds naturally found in the human oral cavity include ________.

A

Lysozyme

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21
Q

(Resident microbiome quiz question) What is dysbiosis?

A

An imbalanced or impaired microbiome

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22
Q

(Resident microbiome quiz question) What is the first exposure humans have to microorganisms?

A

During vaginal or Cesarean section birth

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23
Q

Pathogens live…

A

on/in Host and cause Disease

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24
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens…

A

Cause Disease in the absence of Normal Host Resistance

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25
Q

Dysbiosis

A

Imbalanced or Impaired Microbiome

26
Q

If you have bacteria A, that normally is benign. But when your immune system is busy with a mold allergy, Bacteria A becomes pathogenic. What is this called?

A

Opportunistic Pathogen

27
Q

A Baby is delivered via a c-section, what is the gut microbiome of the baby most like of the mom?

A

The skin microbiome of the mother.

28
Q

The skin microbiome is a ______ habitat

A

Heterogeneous Habitat

29
Q

Sebaceous areas of the skin are..

A

the Upper Chest, and oily areas

30
Q

What are some the factors affecting the Skin?

A

Age, Personal Hygiene, Weather

31
Q

What are some disruptions to the resident skin microbiome

A

Acne: Pore Blockage
Body odor: Gases released by microbial metabolism
Disease: Resident Microbes prevent pathogen colonization
Mosquitos(HUH)

32
Q

The oral cavity is a _____ habitat

A

Heterogenous

33
Q

Antimicrobial chemicals present in oral cavity:

A

Saliva has lyzozymes

34
Q

Antimicrobial chemicals present on skin:

A

Sweat contains antimicrobial peptides

35
Q

The oral cavity microbiome has primarily ____ metabolism

A

Anaerobic

36
Q

Dental plaques are a type of

A

Biofilm

37
Q

Lactic Acid Bacteria

A

They ferment sugars to make lactic acid, High sugar intake promotes Dental cavities.

38
Q

What are some of the consequences of disrupting the resident intestinal microbiome?

A

Diarrhea, Alteration of digestive function(impaired vitamin synthesis), Pathogen Colonization

39
Q

What are two ways we talked about that can help restore your resident intestinal microbiome?

A

Probiotics and fecal microbiota transplant

40
Q

Characteristics of Mucosal Tissues

A

Homogenous habitat, Antimicrobial conditions, Nutrient sources, low diversity,

41
Q

How does the vagina keep an antimicrobial environment

A

Low ph, entrapment and removal,

42
Q

Respiratory tract is not supposed to have microbes in the

A

Lower portions

43
Q

Quiz question: The consequences of disrupting the resident gastrointestinal microbiome of the human body include ________.

A

Diarrhea, Impaired vitamin syn, Enhanced pathogen colonization

44
Q

Quiz question:The presence of lactic acid bacteria in the vaginal microbiome is ________ because they ________.

A

Beneficial, decrease pH and prevent the growth of infectious bacteria

45
Q

Quiz Question:If you compared the Lethal Dose 50 (or LD50) values of two pathogens, the pathogen with the ________ LD50 value is the MOST virulent.

A

Lowest

46
Q

Quiz question: Virulence factors enhance the ability of pathogens to ________.

A

Adhere to host cells, Invade host cells, Infect tissues / produce toxins

47
Q

Quiz Question: Diphtheria toxin is an example of a(n) ________ toxin, a two-subunit protein that binds to host cell surface receptors and transfers across the cytoplasmic membrane to inhibit internal host cell functioning.

A

AB

48
Q

Virulence is a measure of

A

Pathogenicity

49
Q

If you have a low Virulence, will your death toll be high, low, or medium?

A

Low

50
Q

If you have a High Virulence, will your death toll be high, low, or medium?

A

High

51
Q

Pathogenesis is…

A

the process by which microbes cause disease

52
Q

Virulence is measured by LD50 which is

A

The amount of pathogen that kills 50% of host individuals.

53
Q

Attenuation is

A

the decrease or loss of virulence (often used as vaccines)

54
Q

Process of pathogenesis is

A

Adherance>invasion>infection

55
Q

There are two types of toxins

A

Endotoxins and exotoxins

56
Q

Exotoxins are

A

released from pathogen cells

57
Q

Exotoxin types

A

AB, Cytolytic

58
Q

Cytolytic exotoxins

A

are one subunit, opens pore, changes osmosis

59
Q

AB

A

This type has two subunits, stops growth, and inhibits production

60
Q

Endotoxins

A

Are not released from pathogenic cells, present in LPS of outer membrane, less toxic than exotoxins

61
Q

Adherence needs

A

Motility and attachment

62
Q

Infection includes/needs

A

Toxins, and avoid host defenses

Microbiology-Jenn Edition (20 decks)

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